Un hombre puede contar verbalmente a sus invitados y sus porciones, pero no a partir de un memo. [Si él escribió en la víspera del sábado: "Tales invitados, etc." para que no los olvide, no puede leer ese memorando en Shabat—un decreto, para que no se borre. O bien, porque podría venir a leer "notas seculares", y en Shabat se le permite leer solo la Ley escrita y la Ley oral (después de haber sido escrita), y sus comentarios. Pero otras cosas, o libros de sabiduría que no son palabras de profecía o sus exégesis están prohibidos.] Y uno puede echar suertes en la mesa [(para determinar quién obtendrá qué porción)] con sus hijos y familiares, [quién son "asiduos" en su mesa y no son demasiado particulares; pero no con los demás, para los miembros de un grupo que son exigentes entre sí, que no se perdonan ni ceden el uno con el otro, transgreden a través de la medición, el peso, la numeración, el préstamo y el pago, ya que los rabinos decretaron contra ellos para que no escribiera. ], siempre y cuando no intente una gran porción contra una pequeña porción, debido al juego. [Nuestra Mishnah está queriendo. Esto es lo que significa: "Uno puede echar suertes con sus hijos y con los miembros de su hogar en la mesa, incluso una gran porción contra una pequeña porción—pero solo con sus hijos y miembros del hogar y no con otros. Y solo si no tiene la intención de una gran porción contra una pequeña porción ". Es solo entonces que está prohibido en un festival y permitido en un día laborable. Pero si tiene la intención de una gran porción contra una pequeña porción, está prohibido incluso en un día de la semana, debido al juego. Porque esto es similar al robo, y asmachta ("dependencia") no afecta la adquisición. Esta instancia es una de asmachta, ya que "depende" de que el lote caiga en la gran parte, por lo que él acepta también la posibilidad de que caiga en la pequeña porción. Pero si supiera ab initio que esto ocurriría, no consentiría.] Y está permitido echar suertes (chalashim) en un festival [sobre las ofrendas que fueron sacrificadas en el festival, para distribuir entre los Cohanim. ("chalashim" :) lotes, como en (Isaías 14:12): "Cholesh ('Él echa suertes') sobre las naciones"], pero no en las porciones [de las ofrendas del día anterior.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
פרפרותיו – kinds of dainties/sweets.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
Introduction
This mishnah has to do with reckoning certain types of accounts on Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
אבל לא מן הכתב – if he wrote it from the Eve of the Sabbath (i.e., Friday): “so-and-so are guests” so that he would not forget, he should not read from the same document on the Sabbath, as a preventive measure lest he erase it; alternatively, lest he read private (not Hebrew) documents for it is prohibited to read anything on Shabbat other than the Written Torah and the Oral Torah, but other things or works of scholars that are not from the words of the prophets or their commentaries are forbidden (see Tractate Shabbat 149a).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
A man may count his guests and his appetizers/desserts by word, but not from writing. A host may want to count his guests or his food before or while the meal is being served. He may do so but he may not count them from a written list. The Tosefta explains that this is forbidden because it is acting on Shabbat the way one acts during the week. In the Talmud they explain that if he reads from a written list and sees that someone is not there or hears that they are not coming, he may erase their name from the list, a prohibited activity on Shabbat. Alternatively, he may grow accustomed to reading bills, lists and other types of business documents that a person should not read on Shabbat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
A man may cast lots with his sons and the members of his household on the table, provided that he does not make a large portion against a small one, because of gambling. This section deals with casting lots for who will get to choose his portion of meat first and who will get the largest portion. We should note that this was an important issue in eating customs at the time and we hear a lot from contemporary sources about people complaining that they didn’t get a good portion. The head of the household or any other person may cast lots on Shabbat for who gets what portion, but he should not make the portions a disparate size to begin with, hoping that he will get the bigger portion, because this is a type of gambling. Gambling is always problematic according to Jewish law, but it certainly shouldn’t be done on Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
עם בניו ועם בני ביתו – for they are dependent upon his table for there is no legal objection, but with others one cannot [do so], for members of the group that are strict with each other for they do not pardon and do not renounce each other, violate this because of the measurement and the weight and the number because they loan and collect and the Rabbis decreed on this lest they write it down.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And [priests] may cast lots for sacrifices on festivals, but not for the portions. The priests could cast lots over who would get which sacrifice of the sacrifices offered on a festival. However, they may not cast lots on the festival over the sacrifices offered the day before, since they could have cast the lots then. As we have learned many times, anything that could be done before the holiday may not be done on the holiday itself.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ובלבד שלא יתכוין וכו' – Our Mishnah is deficient, and should be read as follows: a person may conduct a lottery with his children and with the members of his household [dependent] upon his table and even a large portion corresponding to a small portion and specifically with his children and the members of his household, but not with others, provided that he does not intend to make a large portion correspond with a small portion, which is forbidden even on weekdays because dice-playing is theft and collateral security with the condition of forfeiture beyond the amount to be secured does not purchase/gives no title and this is a collateral security with the condition of forfeiture beyond the amount to be secured that is dependent upon the lottery if the lottery will fall to him on the large portion, he will be worthy of it, and therefore, he has left himself in doubt even for a lottery for a small portion through doubt , for had he known from the outset that this would be the case, he would not have accepted it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
חלשים – lotteries such as (Isaiah 14:12): “A vanquisher of nations.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
על הקדשים ביום טוב – that were slaughtered on Yom Tov/the Festival Day to distribute/divide them among the Kohanim.
