¿Quién [se considera] virgen [de tal manera que su hora sea suficiente]? Cualquiera que nunca haya visto sangre [menstrual] en todos sus días, incluso si está casada. Una mujer embarazada? [Se considera que está embarazada] una vez que su feto se conoce [es decir, al final de su primer trimestre]. Una mujer lactante? [Se considera que está amamantando] hasta que desteta a su hijo [es decir, durante veinticuatro meses]. Si ella le dio a su hijo a una niñera, o lo destetó, o si él murió [dentro de los veinticuatro meses], el rabino Meir dice: se vuelve impura [retroactivamente] desde ese momento hasta ese momento [el día anterior, es decir, veinte -cuatro horas antes]. Y los Sabios dicen: su hora [de descubrir sangre] es suficiente [para volverla impura solo desde ese momento].
Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
משיוודע עוברה – at the end of three months from the day that she became pregnant.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
Who is regarded as "virgin"? Any woman who has never yet observed a blood flow, even if she is married. A virgin, at least in this mishnah, is a woman who has not yet begun menstruating. It does not refer to a woman who has never had sexual intercourse. According to this definition of a "virgin" which probably should be translated as "young girl", even a married woman could be a virgin.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
עד שתגמול – until will be completed for her son twenty-four months (i.e., two years). And even if he died within twenty-four months, sufficient for her is her time, for the woman who gives birth (and has been in confinement), her limbs are loose/shaky and her full strength (literally, “her blood”) doesn’t return until after twenty-four mouths (see Talmud Niddah 9a). But from then and onward, behold she is like all the women and becomes defiled in the time of twenty-four astronomical hours or from one examination to a previous examination, and even though she is continually nursing four or five years.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
"A woman in pregnancy"? One whose fetus is notice. A woman is considered "pregnant" only when the fetus begins to be noticed.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
וגמלתו או מת ר' מאיר אומר מטמאה מפקידה לפקידה – for he (i.e., Rabbi Meir) holds that blood is disturbed (i.e., decomposed) and turns into milk (see Talmud Niddah 9a). But when she is not nursing, even prior to twenty-four months, the blood returns to its place and returns to be menstruating.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
"A nursing woman"? Until she has weaned her child. The standard period for nursing is 24 months. A woman is considered to be nursing only during this period. Even if she continues to actually nurse after 24 months, she is no longer in this category.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
If she gave her child to a nursing woman, if she weaned him, or if he died: Rabbi Meir says: she conveys uncleanness retroactively for twenty-four hours; But the sages say: it suffices for her [to reckon her period of uncleanness from] the time of her [observation of the flow]. The mishnah now deals with the opposite case where for various reasons the woman is no longer nursing her son. According to Rabbi Meir, since she is no longer nursing, she is no longer in the category of a woman who does not need to be retroactively concerned that she defiled things. When she discovers that she is bleeding, everything that touched in the previous 24 hours is impure. The sages disagree and consider this woman to still be in the category of a nursing woman. It seems that they think that she probably won't resume menstruating for this period.
