Propiedad limitada [(nechasim sheyesh lahem achrayuth) [es decir, tierra. Alguien que presta otro dinero dependiendo de él (para el reembolso) ya que siempre está presente e intacto. "achrayuth" denota "chozer" ("siguiente después"), es decir, el acreedor "sigue" después y se lo quita al comprador cuando el deudor no tiene nada más]—(Los bienes vinculados) se adquieren con dinero, [a saber. (Jeremías 32:44): "Comprarán campos por dinero". Esto, donde no es costumbre escribir una escritura; pero donde es la costumbre, no la adquiere hasta que escribe una escritura.], por escrito, [escribiendo en papel o en un fragmento: "Mi campo te es dado", "Mi campo es adquirido por ti" y dárselo (la escritura) al comprador. Y es solo cuando la tierra se da como un regalo que es adquirida por un hecho; pero cuando se vende, no se adquiere hasta que se entrega el dinero (a menos que se venda debido a su mal estado, en cuyo caso se adquiere solo por escrito). ¿Y de dónde se deriva que la tierra se adquiere por escrito? De (Jeremías 32:44): "Y lo escribirán en una escritura y lo sellarán"], y por jázaca, [tal como cavando un poco en la tierra, o cercando, o rompiendo algo en presencia del vendedor. Si no está en su presencia, debe decirle: "Ve a chazek (realiza un acto de chazakah) y adquiérelo". ¿Y de dónde se deriva que la tierra es adquirida por chazakah? De (Deuteronomio 11:31): "Y lo heredarán, y habitarán en él". ¿Cómo lo heredarás? Al morar en él.] Y la propiedad no vinculada se adquiere solo por meshichah ("dibujo"), [está siendo escrito (Levítico 25:14): "o adquiere de la mano de tu prójimo". Lo que se puede transferir de mano en mano se adquiere solo mediante dicha transferencia.] La propiedad no vinculada se adquiere junto con la propiedad vinculada, (que se adquiere mediante) dinero, escritura o jázaca. [Si vendió objetos móviles junto con la tierra, cuando el comprador adquiere la tierra por uno de estos tres medios de adquisición, esos objetos se adquieren con ella. Esto, con la condición de que el vendedor le diga al comprador: "Adquiéralos junto con la tierra". Esto se deriva de (II Crónicas 21: 3): "Y su padre les dio muchos regalos (consistentes) de plata y oro, y cosas preciosas junto con ciudades fortificadas".] Y los enlaces de propiedad no vinculados vinculaban la propiedad a ser objeto de un juramento. [Aunque la tierra no esté sujeta a juramento—donde se reclaman objetos móviles y tierras, y él está obligado a jurar ante el primero, el juramento al respecto une la tierra para un gilgul shevuah [un juramento "enrollado"]. Gilgul shevuah se deriva de lo que está escrito con respecto a sotah (una mujer sospechosa de adulterio), a saber. (Números 5:22): "Y la mujer dirá: 'Amén, amén'"—Amén (al juramento: "No me he vuelto inmundo") en relación con este hombre (el presunto adúltero); Amén, en relación con cualquier otro hombre; Amén, que no me extravié cuando me comprometí; Amén, que no me extravié cuando estuve casado, esperando yibum o tomado yibum.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
נכסים שיש להם אחריות – that is landed property, that the person who lends his fellow relies upon them that they are enduring and standing. And the explanation of the word אחריות/property which may be resorted to in case of non-payment is “return” – that the lender can return to them and forcibly seize the mortgaged property [that had been sold] if he would not find anything with borrower [upon his non-payment of the loan].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
Introduction
Today’s mishnah discusses the acquisition of land and movable property. Land in the Mishnah is called property which “has security.” This means that creditors can collect from this property for outstanding debts, even if the land is already owned by a third party (not the debtor). “Movable property” cannot be used for debt collection from third parties.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
נקנין בכסף – as it is written (Jeremiah 32:44): “Fields shall be purchased [and deeds written and sealed...],” and these words [apply] in a place where it is not customary to write a document, but in a place where it is customary to write a document, he does not acquire it until he writes a document.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
Property which has security is acquired by money, by deed or by possession. Land is acquired through money, deed or possession. That is to say if Reuven wants to acquire land from Shimon he can do one of three things. Either he can pay money to Shimon, write out a document, or demonstrate possession over the land with Shimon’s consent.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
בשטר – that he writes on paper/parchment or on earthenware, that it is enough that is given to you or it is enough that is purchased by you, and he transfers it to the purchaser. And specifically, when it is a gift, land is purchased by a document. But in a sale, [it is not transferred] until he gives him the money, unless he sells his field because of its poor [quality], and in this, it is sold by a document alone. And from where do we learn that land is acquired by a document? It is written (Jeremiah 32:44): “[Fields shall be purchased,] and deeds written and sealed, [and witnesses called in the land of Benjamin and in the environs of Jerusalem, in the towns of Judah…].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
[Property] which does not have security is acquired only by being drawn [to the purchaser]. Just as animals are not acquired by money, so too “things” are not acquired through money. Rather the purchaser must physically take the object he wishes to acquire into his possession. Until he does so, the item still belongs to the seller.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ובחזקה – such as that he dug a bit into the ground, or locked or fenced in or made a slight breach in the presence of the seller. But if it was not in his presence, he must say to him: “Go, take possession and acquire.” And from where do we learn that property is acquired by a claim based upon a presumption of undisturbed possession until evidence of a change is produced? As it is written (Deuteronomy 11:31): “…when you have occupied it and are settled in it.” How does one occupy it? Through settling it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
Property which does not have security may be acquired in conjunction with property which does have security by money, deed, or possession; A person may acquire land through money, deed or possession, and at the same time acquire movable property without making a separate demonstration of acquisition. For instance if Reuven wishes to buy from Shimon a piece of land and a herd of sheep, he may acquire the land and the sheep with money, even though money alone would not be sufficient to acquire the sheep.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ושאין להם אחריות אין נקנין אלא במשיכה – As it is written (Leviticus 25:14): “[When you sell property to your neighbor,] or buy any from your neighbor, [you shall not wrong one another].” A thing which is possible to give him from hand to hand is not acquired other than by giving [it] from hand to hand.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
And it obligates the property which provides security, to take an oath concerning them. In Shevuoth 6:5 we learned that people do not take oaths over land. For instance, if Reuven claims that Shimon owes him land, and Shimon admits to part of the claim, he need not swear that he does not owe him the rest, as he would were Reuven to claim that Shimon owes him money or animals. However, if Shimon needs to take an oath over movable property and land, since he must take an oath over the movable property he must also take an oath over the land. This could happen if Reuven claims that Shimon owes him a piece of land and a 100 sheep. If Shimon admits that half of the land is Reuven’s and half of the sheep, he must take an oath over both the land and the sheep which he claims not to owe.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
נקנין עם נכסים כו' – If he sold movables with the land, since the purchaser bought the land in one of these three [forms] of acquisition, the movables are purchased with it, and he (i.e., the seller) should say to him: “acquire these subsidiary to the property, and we derive this from a Biblical verse, as it is written in Chronicles (II Chronicles 21:3): “Their father gave them many gifts of silver, gold and [other] presents, as well as fortified towns [in Judah…..].”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
וזוקקין – these properties which cannot be resorted to (i.e., movable properties), with property from which debts may eventually be collected (i.e., landed property). And even though no oath is imposed on these properties, where they claimed movables and landed property and mandated an oath on the movables, the movables obligate an oath on the landed properties through an oath of implication (i.e., the rule permitting the court to insert in an oath an affirmation to which the person concerned could not have been compelled directly). And we learned the oath of implication from the woman suspected of having committed adultery, as it is written (Numbers 5:22): “And the woman shall say, ‘Amen, Amen,’” “Amen” from this man, “Amen” from another man,” “Amen” that she did not act foolishly while she was betrothed; “Amen” that she did not act foolishly while married, a widow waiting for the יבם/the dead husband’s brother to marry or reject her and the case of a woman conduced to one’s house to consummate the marriage.
