Comentario sobre Eduyot 1:7
בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, רֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת מִן הָעֲצָמִים, בֵּין מִשְּׁנַיִם בֵּין מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, רֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת מִן הַגְּוִיָּה, מֵרֹב הַבִּנְיָן אוֹ מֵרֹב הַמִּנְיָן. שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר, אֲפִלּוּ מֵעֶצֶם אֶחָד:
Beth Shammai dice: Una cuarta parte [de un kav] de los huesos [de los muertos], ya sea de dos o tres, [causa impureza en la tienda. Y menos de una cuarta parte causan impureza solo al tocar o cargar, pero no en una tienda de campaña. Y Beth Shammai sostiene que un cuarto de un kav causa tumah (impureza) incluso si son de muchos muertos.] Y Beth Hillel dice: Un cuarto (de un kav) de los huesos del cuerpo. [Es decir, del cuerpo de un hombre muerto y no de muchos muertos. E, incluso de un hombre muerto, no hay tumah a menos que haya en el cuarto de un kav, ya sea] la mayoría de la construcción [es decir, la mayoría de la construcción del cuerpo] o la mayoría del número [de los huesos de un hombre—ciento veinticinco, los huesos de un hombre suman doscientos cuarenta y ocho.] Beth Shammai dice: Incluso un hueso. [es decir, si un hueso del hombre muerto llena un cuarto de un kav, causa impureza en la tienda. La halajá está de acuerdo con Beth Hillel.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
English Explanation of Mishnah Eduyot
And Beth Hillel says: “A quarter-kav of bones from a corpse, either from [the bones which form] the greater portion of the [body’s] build, or from the greater portion of the number [of the body’s bones].
Shammai says: “Even from a single bone.”
This mishnah begins to list disputes between Beth Shammai (the school of Shammai) and Beth Hillel (the school of Hillel). The rest of the chapter will contain disputes between these two schools.
Numbers 19:14 teaches that if a person dies in a tent things that are in the tent, including the people, can become impure, even though they have not touched the dead body. Our mishnah discusses how many bones must be in the tent for them to be considered a dead body which will cause ritual impurity.
According to Beth Shammai, a quarter-kav of bones will transmit impurity, as long as they come from at least two or three different bones. Beth Hillel agrees that a quarter-kav of bones is enough to cause impurity but they state that the bones must either come from the greater portion of the body (the hips, thighs, rib cage and spine) or from a majority of the number of bones in the body, considered to be 248. If there is a quarter-kav but they come from only one limb or many limbs but not a majority of the number or from the greater portion, they do not transmit impurity.
Shammai himself is even stricter than Beth Shammai, for he holds that a quarter-kav from one bone transmits impurity.