Makhshirin 3

שַׂק שֶׁהוּא מָלֵא פֵרוֹת וּנְתָנוֹ עַל גַּב הַנָּהָר, אוֹ עַל פִּי הַבּוֹר, אוֹ עַל מַעֲלוֹת הַמְּעָרָה, וְשָׁאֲבוּ, כֹּל שֶׁשָּׁאֲבוּ, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, כֹּל שֶׁהוּא כְנֶגֶד הַמַּיִם, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. וְכֹל שֶׁאֵינוֹ כְנֶגֶד הַמַּיִם, אֵינוֹ בְּכִי יֻתַּן:

[If] a sack full of fruit is put on a riverbank, or on the edge of a cistern, or on the steps of a cave and it absorbs [moisture], whatever it absorbs achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i> [a state where liquid put upon food makes it susceptible to impurity]. Rabbi Yehudah says: Whatever is against the water achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>, and whatever is not against the water does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>.

חָבִית שֶׁהִיא מְלֵאָה פֵרוֹת וּנְתוּנָה לְתוֹךְ הַמַּשְׁקִין, אוֹ מְלֵאָה מַשְׁקִין וּנְתוּנָה לְתוֹךְ הַפֵּרוֹת, וְשָׁאֲבוּ, כֹּל שֶׁשָּׁאֲבוּ, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. בְּאֵלּוּ מַשְׁקִים אָמְרוּ, בְּמַיִם וּבְיַיִן וּבְחֹמֶץ. וּשְׁאָר כָּל הַמַּשְׁקִין, טְהוֹרִין. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה מְטַהֵר בְּקִטְנִית, שֶׁאֵין הַקִּטְנִית שׁוֹאָבֶת:

[If] a jar full of fruit is put into liquid, or [a jar] full of liquid is put into fruit and it [the fruit] absorbs [moisture] whatever it absorbs achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. What liquids did they [the Sages] refer to? Water, and wine and vinegar. And all other liquids are pure [they do not make food susceptible to impurity]. Rabbi Nechemiah deemed legumes [in the above scenarios] pure because legumes do not absorb [moisture].

הָרוֹדֶה פַת חַמָּה וּנְתָנָהּ עַל פִּי חָבִית שֶׁל יַיִן, רַבִּי מֵאִיר מְטַמֵּא. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְטַהֵר. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי מְטַהֵר בְּשֶׁל חִטִּים וּמְטַמֵּא בְשֶׁל שְׂעֹרִים, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַשְּׂעֹרִים שׁוֹאֲבוֹת:

[If] one took hot bread out of the oven and placed it on the mouth of a jar of wine, Rabbi Meir deems it impure [that is, deems it able to contract impurity]. Rabbi Yehudah deems it pure. Rabbi Yose deems it pure [if the bread is made] from wheat, but impure [if the bread is made] from barley, because barley absorbs [moisture].

הַמְרַבֵּץ אֶת בֵּיתוֹ וְנָתַן בּוֹ חִטִּים וְטָנְנוּ, אִם מֵחֲמַת הַמַּיִם, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. וְאִם מֵחֲמַת הַסֶּלַע, אֵינָן בְּכִי יֻתַּן. הַמְכַבֵּס אֶת כְּסוּתוֹ בַּעֲרֵבָה, נָתַן בָּהּ חִטִּים וְטָנְנוּ, אִם מֵחֲמַת הַמַּיִם, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. אִם מֵחֲמַת עַצְמָן, אֵינָן בְּכִי יֻתַּן. הַמְטַנֵּן בְּחֹל, הֲרֵי זֶה בְכִי יֻתַּן. מַעֲשֶׂה בְאַנְשֵׁי הַמָּחוֹז שֶׁהָיוּ מְטִנִּין בְּחֹל, אָמְרוּ לָהֶם חֲכָמִים, אִם כָּךְ הֱיִיתֶם עוֹשִׂים, לֹא עֲשִׂיתֶם טָהֳרָה מִימֵיכֶם:

[If] one sprinkles his house [with water] and [then] puts wheat in it which became damp, if it was because of the water it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>; and if it was because of the rock [floor] it does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. [If] one launders his clothing in a trough and [then] puts wheat in it which got damp, if it was because of the water it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>; and if it was because of itself [the trough] it does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. [If] one put [fruit] in sand to get it damp it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. It once happened that the people of Machoz would dampen [their wheat] in sand, [and] the Sages said to them: If this is how you act, you have never made pure [food] in your lives.

הַמְטַנֵּן בְּטִיט הַנָּגוּב, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אִם יֶשׁ בּוֹ מַשְׁקֶה טוֹפֵחַ, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. וְאִם לָאו, אֵינוֹ בְּכִי יֻתַּן. הַמְרַבֵּץ אֶת גָּרְנוֹ, אֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ שֶׁמָּא נָתַן בָּהּ חִטִּים וְטָנְנוּ. הַמְלַקֵּט עֲשָׂבִים כְּשֶׁהַטַּל עֲלֵיהֶם, לְהָטֵן בָּהֶם חִטִּים, אֵינָן בְּכִי יֻתַּן. אִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לְכָךְ, הֲרֵי זֶה בְכִי יֻתַּן. הַמּוֹלִיךְ חִטִּין לִטְחֹן וְיָרְדוּ עֲלֵיהֶן גְּשָׁמִים, אִם שָׂמַח, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׂמֹחַ, אֶלָּא אִם עָמָד:

[If] one dampens [fruit] in dried clay, Rabbi Shimon says: If there is liquid dripping onto it, it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>, and if not, it does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. [If] one sprinkles [water] in his granary, he need not worry that he put wheat in it that became damp. [If] one plucks grass with dew on it in order to dampen wheat with it, that does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>; but if he intended it for that, it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. [If] one takes wheat to grind and rain falls on it, if he is happy [with this] it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. Rabbi Yehudah says: It is impossible not to be happy, but if he stopped [it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>].

הָיוּ זֵיתָיו נְתוּנִים בַּגַּג וְיָרְדוּ עֲלֵיהֶן גְּשָׁמִים, אִם שָׂמַח, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׂמֹחַ, אֶלָּא, אִם פָּקַק אֶת הַצִּנּוֹר אוֹ אִם חִלְחֵל לְתוֹכָן:

[If] one's olives were placed on the roof and rain fell upon them, if he is happy [with that] it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. Rabbi Yehudah says: It is impossible not to be happy, but if he plugged the gutter or turned them [the olives, it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>].

הַחַמָּרִין שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹבְרִים בַּנָּהָר וְנָפְלוּ שַׂקֵּיהֶם לַמַּיִם, אִם שָׂמְחוּ, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׂמֹחַ, אֶלָּא, אִם הָפְכוּ. הָיוּ רַגְלָיו מְלֵאוֹת טִיט, וְכֵן רַגְלֵי בְהֶמְתּוֹ, עָבַר בַּנָּהָר, אִם שָׂמַח, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׂמֹחַ, אֶלָּא, אִם עָמַד וְהֵדִיחַ. בְּאָדָם וּבִבְהֵמָה טְמֵאָה, לְעוֹלָם טָמֵא:

[If] donkey drivers were crossing a river and their sacks fell into the water, if they were happy [with that] it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. Rabbi Yehudah says: It is impossible not to be happy, but if they turned [the sacks, it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>]. [If] one's legs were covered in mud as were the legs of his animal [and] he crossed the river, if he is happy [with being cleansed] it achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i> [if the water subsequently falls from him onto fruit]. Rabbi Yehudah says: It is impossible not to be happy, but if he stood [in the river] and washed [the water can later achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>]. With a person and a non-kosher animal it is always impure [the water makes food susceptible to impurity].

הַמּוֹרִיד אֶת הַגַּלְגַּלִּים וְאֶת כְּלֵי הַבָּקָר בִּשְׁעַת הַקָּדִים לַמַּיִם בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁיָּחוּצוּ, הֲרֵי זֶה בְכִי יֻתַּן. הַמּוֹרִיד בְּהֵמָה לִשְׁתּוֹת, הַמַּיִם הָעוֹלִים בְּפִיהָ, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. וּבְרַגְלֶיהָ, אֵינָן בְּכִי יֻתַּן. אִם חָשַׁב שֶׁיּוּדְחוּ רַגְלֶיהָ, אַף הָעוֹלִין בְּרַגְלֶיהָ, בְּכִי יֻתַּן. בִּשְׁעַת הַיַּחַף וְהַדַּיִשׁ, לְעוֹלָם טָמֵא. הוֹרִיד חֵרֵשׁ שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחוֹשֵׁב שֶׁיּוּדְחוּ רַגְלֶיהָ, אֵינָן בְּכִי יֻתַּן, שֶׁיֶּשׁ לָהֶן מַעֲשֶׂה וְאֵין לָהֶן מַחֲשָׁבָה:

[If] one removes the wheels [from a wagon] or the [farming] implements of cattle [and puts them] in water when an east wind blows to strengthen them, that achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i> [if the water subsequently falls from them onto fruit]. [If] one takes an animal down [to the river] to drink, the water that comes up in its mouth achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>, but the water on its legs does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. If he hoped that [the water] would wash its legs, even the water that comes up with its legs achieves <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. At a time when [the animal's legs] are sore or it is threshing, the [water that touches its legs] is always impure. [If] a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a minor took [the animal] down [to drink], even if he hoped that [the water] would wash its legs it does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>, because they can act but they have no intention.