Mischna
Mischna

Kommentar zu Yoma 7:5

כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל מְשַׁמֵּשׁ בִּשְׁמֹנָה כֵלִים. וְהַהֶדְיוֹט בְּאַרְבָּעָה, בְּכֻתֹּנֶת וּמִכְנָסַיִם וּמִצְנֶפֶת וְאַבְנֵט. מוֹסִיף עָלָיו כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, חשֶׁן וְאֵפוֹד וּמְעִיל וָצִיץ. בְּאֵלּוּ נִשְׁאָלִין בְּאוּרִים וְתֻמִּים. וְאֵין נִשְׁאָלִין אֶלָּא לַמֶּלֶךְ וּלְבֵית דִּין וּלְמִי שֶׁהַצִּבּוּר צָרִיךְ בּוֹ:

Der Hohepriester amtiert in acht Gewändern und ein regulärer Priester in vier: Mantel, Reithose, Turban und Gürtel. Der Hohepriester trägt außerdem vier: Choshen (Brustpanzer), Ephod, Robe und Zitz (Kopfplatte). In diesen werden Anfragen an die Urim Vethumim gestellt [dh der Hohepriester muss die acht Gewänder tragen, wenn er Anfragen an die Urim Vethumim stellt. Wie werden Anfragen gestellt? Das Gesicht des Ermittlers befindet sich hinter dem Priester, nach dem gefragt wird. Sein Gesicht ist der Arche zugewandt. Der Fragesteller fragt: "Soll ich das Ding machen oder nicht?" Er fragt nicht mit lauter Stimme und nicht in seinem Herzen, sondern mit leiser Stimme; und der heilige Geist investiert den Priester und er schaut auf die Choshen. Er sieht Buchstaben aus dem Choshen vor seinem Gesicht herausragen—"Tu das" oder "Tu das nicht". Denn auf die Steine ​​der Choshen wurden die Namen der zwölf Stämme geschrieben, und Abraham, Yitzchak und Yaakov und "shivtei Kah" ("die Stämme des L rd"), so dass das gesamte Alphabet dargestellt wurde. Und der Heilige Geist informierte den Priester darüber, wie er die vorspringenden Buchstaben so kombinieren sollte, dass die Bedeutung offensichtlich wurde.] Und Anfragen werden nur für den König, für den Beth-Din und für denjenigen gestellt, der im Namen der Gemeinde handelt geschrieben (Numeri 27:21): "Und vor Elazar, dem Priester, soll er stehen"—der König; "und alle Kinder Israel mit ihm"— derjenige, mit dem alle Kinder Israel zusammen sind, um nach ihm in den Krieg zu ziehen —der für den Krieg gesalbte Priester, der von der Gemeinde gebraucht wird; "und die ganze Gemeinde"— der Große Sanhedrin.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Yoma

באלו נשאלין – the Kohen who received inquiries for the Urim and Thummim needs to dress in eight [sets] of clothing. And how do they inquire of the Urim and Thummim? The face of the one who asks is behind the Kohen who receives inquiries and the one who receives inquiries, his face is directed towards the Ark, but the inquirer asks, “May I do a certain thing or not do it?” And he does not inquire in a loud voice nor does he meditate/think in his heart, but in a low voice, and the Holy Spirit clothes/envelopes the Kohen and he looks at the breastplate, and sees letters protruding in the breastplate corresponding to his face, ”do this or don’t do that.” For since the names of the twelve tribes were written on the stones of the breastplate, and Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and the tribes of God, it is found that the entire Alphabet is there, and the Holy Spirit would inform the Kohen how to combine the protruding letters one with the other until he would understand the implication of the matters (see Talmud Yoma 73 a-b).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yoma

The high priest performs the service in eight pieces of clothing, and the common priest in four: in tunic, breeches, a headdress, and a sash.
The high priest adds the breastpiece, the ephod, the robe and the frontlet.
In these were the Urim and Tummim inquired of. But they were not inquired of except by the king, by the head of the court or by one whom the community needs.

This mishnah completes the first seven chapters of Yoma, all of which dealt with the Temple Yom Kippur ritual.
Sections one and two: The first two sections of the mishnah outline the difference between the clothes that the high priest wore on normal occasions throughout the year (not on Yom Kippur), and the clothes that a normal priest wore. The high priest has eight pieces of clothing (see above 3:4) whereas the normal priest has only four pieces. These are all discussed in Exodus 28
Section three: The Urim and Tummim, the oracular stones used in the First Temple, are only asked questions when the high priest is wearing his eight pieces of clothing. And not anyone can ask a question of the Urim and Tummim. Only the king, the head of the court or other high officials of the community may ask questions. For more information about the Urim and Tummim, how they are understood by modern biblical scholars and how they are understood in the aggadah, I suggest consulting the Encyclopedia Judaica.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yoma

אלא למלך וכו' – as it is written (Numbers 27:21): “But he shall present himself to Eleazar the priest, [who shall on his behalf seek the decision of the Urim before the LORD]…” “He” is the king, “and all of the Israelites that are with him” all of the children of Israel that are with him go out to war. After him, that is the priest anointed as the chaplain of the army [that is] all of the needs of the community are upon him. “the whole community” – this is the Great Sanhedrin.
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