Kommentar zu Shevuot 2:1

יְדִיעוֹת הַטֻּמְאָה שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע. נִטְמָא וְיָדַע וְנֶעֶלְמָה מִמֶּנּוּ הַטֻּמְאָה וְזָכוּר אֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ, נֶעְלַם מִמֶּנּוּ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְזָכוּר אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, נֶעֶלְמוּ מִמֶּנּוּ זֶה וָזֶה וְאָכַל אֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְלֹא יָדַע, וּמִשֶּׁאָכַל יָדַע, הֲרֵי זֶה בְעוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד. נִטְמָא וְיָדַע וְנֶעֶלְמָה מִמֶּנּוּ טֻמְאָה וְזָכוּר אֶת הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, נֶעְלַם מִמֶּנּוּ מִקְדָּשׁ וְזָכוּר אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, נֶעֶלְמוּ מִמֶּנּוּ זֶה וָזֶה וְנִכְנַס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ וְלֹא יָדַע, וּמִשֶּׁיָּצָא יָדַע, הֲרֵי זֶה בְעוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד:

Das Bewusstsein für Unreinheit sind zwei, das sind vier. Wenn er unrein wurde und wusste [dass er zum Zeitpunkt des Kontakts oder danach unrein war] und die Unreinheit (danach) vor ihm verborgen war und er sich an die Heiligkeit erinnerte [und wegen dieser "Verborgenheit" (der Unreinheit) ) er aß geheiligtes Essen—einer; oder betrat das Heiligtum—zwei. Dies sind die beiden, die geschrieben sind. (3. Mose 5: 2): "Und es ist ihm verborgen und er ist unrein" impliziert, dass die Unreinheit vor ihm verborgen ist. Und weil er nicht haftbar ist, es sei denn, er ist sich am Anfang bewusst, dass er unrein geworden ist, wonach es ihm verborgen war, haben wir "Bewusstsein".] Wenn die Heiligkeit vor ihm verborgen wäre [dh die Tatsache, dass es sich um geheiligtes Essen handelt oder die Tatsache, dass es das Heiligtum ist und er das eine aß oder das andere betrat], und er erinnerte sich an seine Unreinheit [—Dies sind die beiden anderen, die nicht geschrieben sind.] Wenn beide vor ihm verborgen waren und er unheilbar geheiligtes Essen aß, und nachdem er gegessen hatte, wurde er sich dessen bewusst, haftet er für ein anderes Opfer. [Dies ist nicht Teil der Nummer. Wir werden nur darüber informiert, dass er, obwohl er das geheiligte Essen aß oder das Heiligtum betrat, sich weder an die Unreinheit noch an das Heiligtum erinnerte, für ein altes Opfer haftet.] Wenn er unrein wurde und es wusste und die Unreinheit verborgen war von ihm, und er erinnerte sich an das Heiligtum; wenn das Heiligtum vor ihm verborgen wäre und er sich an seine Unreinheit erinnere; Wenn beide vor ihm verborgen waren und er das Heiligtum unversehens betrat und als er ging, wurde er sich dessen bewusst, haftet er für ein altes Opfer.

Bartenura on Mishnah Shevuot

ידיעות הטומאה. נטמא וידע – [that he became defiled and was aware] that he became defiled at the time of of defilement or afterwards.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Shevuot

Introduction Mishnah one discusses the second clause of the first mishnah of chapter one, which dealt with the case where a person either entered the Temple or ate holy food without knowing that he was impure.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Shevuot

נעלמה ממנו טומאה – and through that same act of forgetfulness/lack of awareness, he ate Holy Things, which is one [count], and he entered into the Sanctuary/Temple, which is two [counts], as it is written (Leviticus 5:4): “and the fact has escaped him,” and he is unclean/defiled, which implies that the defilement escaped him. But because he is not liable for it other than if he was aware at the beginning that he had become defiled/unclean and afterwards, it escaped him, because of this, it (i.e., the Mishnah) calls it: ידיעות הטמאה/awareness (plural) of uncleanness.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Shevuot

The first line of the mishnah is a quote of the second clause of the first mishnah in chapter one. After a long digression in chapter one in which the mishnah discussed which goats offered as sin-offerings atone for which types of crimes, our chapter returns to discuss the main topic at hand: the case where a person unknowingly became impure and entered the Temple or ate holy food. To refresh our memories, according to chapter one in order to enter into this category one must first have awareness then forgetfulness and then awareness. Our mishnah explains the four different possibilities for such a scenario.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Shevuot

ונעלם ממנו הקודש – or the Temple/Sanctuary, but if he ate Holy Things or entered into the Temple, and he was mindful of defilement, there are two other [counts] that are not written [in the Bible].

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English Explanation of Mishnah Shevuot

The laws concerning the discovery of having contracted uncleanness are of two kinds, subdivided into four;
[If] he became impure and was aware of it, then he forgot that he had been impure, though he remembered that the food was holy; [If the fact that it was] holy food was unknown to him, though he remembered that he was impure; [If] both were unknown to him; And he ate holy food, and was not aware, and after he had eaten, he became aware: in these cases he brings a sliding scale sacrifice. In all of the cases mentioned in this section the transgression is the eating of holy food while impure. There are actually three different possibilities mentioned in the mishnah, although the mishnah considers them to be two: 1) He knew that had contracted impurity, and then forgot but he knew that the food that he was eating was holy; 2) He forgot that the food that he was eating was holy but he knew that he was impure; 3) He forgot that the food was holy and that he was impure. In all of these cases if he were to eat of the holy food while being unaware either that he was impure or that the food was holy (or both) and afterwards realized that the food was holy or that he was impure, he is obligated to bring a sliding scale sacrifice. A sliding scale sacrifice is a sacrifice brought based on the economic means of the sinner. If he has financial means he must bring either a sheep or goat. If he cannot afford a sheep or a goat he brings two turtledoves. If he can’t even afford these, he may bring a grain offering. This sacrifice is described in Leviticus 5:6-13.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Shevuot

[[If] he became impure and was aware of it, then he forgot that he had been impure, though he remembered that [he was entering] the Temple; [If the fact that he was entering] the Temple was unknown to him, though he remembered that he was impure; [If] both were hidden from him; And he entered the Temple and was not aware, and after he had gone out, became aware: in these cases he brings a sliding scale sacrifice. This section teaches the exact same law as in section one, except the sin discussed here is entrance into the Temple while impure. In this case either forgetting that he is entering the Temple or forgetting that he is impure or both will obligate him to bring a sliding scale sacrifice.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Shevuot

נעלם ממנו זה וזה – it is not from the numbers of awareness, but it comes to tell us that even though that at the time of eating Holy Things or entering into the Temple, he was not mindful neither of defilement nor of the holiness [of the Temple], and he Is liable for the sliding-scale offering (depending upon his financial situation).

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English Explanation of Mishnah Shevuot

Questions for Further Thought:
• Why does the mishnah consider the three possibilities in each section to be only two?

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