Kommentar zu Shekalim 4:5

מוֹתַר הַקְּטֹרֶת מֶה הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין בָּהּ, מַפְרִישִׁין (מִמֶּנָּה) שְׂכַר הָאֻמָּנִין, וּמְחַלְּלִין אוֹתָהּ עַל שְׂכַר הָאֻמָּנִין, וְנוֹתְנִין אוֹתָהּ לָאֻמָּנִין בִּשְׂכָרָן, וְחוֹזְרִין וְלוֹקְחִין אוֹתָהּ מִתְּרוּמָה חֲדָשָׁה. אִם בָּא הֶחָדָשׁ בִּזְמַנּוֹ, לוֹקְחִין אוֹתָהּ מִתְּרוּמָה חֲדָשָׁה. וְאִם לָאו מִן הַיְּשָׁנָה:

Der Überschuss an Weihrauch [dh was jedes Jahr übrig bleibt] —Was wird damit gemacht [um es (im Opferdienst) im folgenden Jahr zu verbrennen? Denn es gibt kein Jahr, in dem es keinen Überschuss gibt. Denn es gab 368 Portionen Weihrauch und drei Portionen, von denen der Hohepriester Jom Kippur die Hände füllen würde. Und nicht alles konnte in seinen Händen enthalten sein (so dass es einen Überschuss gab). Darüber hinaus gab es jedes reguläre Jahr einen Überschuss (im Gegensatz zu einem Schaltjahr), wobei es im regulären Jahr 354 Tage gab.] Sie trennen davon [dh von der Lishkah] den Lohn der Handwerker [das Gewürz] Mischer. Sie (die Funktionäre des Tempels) nehmen ihren (den Handwerker-) Lohn von der Terumah der Lishkah, lassen ihn von einem der Schatzmeister im Auftrag der Handwerker erwerben und er (das Geld) wird chullin. Und obwohl Hekdesh nicht zu Chullin wird, es sei denn, etwas wird stattdessen zu Hekdesh, ist die Terumah der Lishkah anders, da Beth-Din befugt ist, es für verschiedene Zwecke zuzuweisen. Und nachdem sie das Geld im Namen der Handwerker erworben haben, lösen sie es (den Weihrauch) gegen den Lohn der Handwerker ein. [Das Geld wird also für die alte Terumah (die des Vorjahres) geweiht], es (der Weihrauch) wird den Handwerkern als Lohn gegeben und es wird dann mit (dem Geld) der neuen von ihnen zurückgekauft Terumah. [Dieses Verfahren ist "bescheidener" (dh im Einklang mit der Natur von Hekdesh) als es einfach zu verkaufen und wieder zu kaufen.] Wenn es zu seiner Zeit kam, wird es aus der neuen Terumah entnommen. [Wenn die neuen Schekalim vor Rosh Chodesh Nissan gebracht wurden, was die Zeit für die neue Terumah ist, wird der Überschuss des Weihrauchs durch Erlösung von der neuen Terumah gekauft, wie oben erläutert.] Und wenn nicht, von der alten. [Wenn die neuen Schekalim noch nicht gebracht wurden, wird sie (der Überschuss des Weihrauchs) von der alten Terumah gekauft, wenn sie bereits eingelöst wurden. Und wenn es noch nicht eingelöst wurde, wird es verbrannt (im Opferdienst), denn das Neue, das nicht angekommen ist, muss das Alte benutzt werden.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

נותר הקטורת – that remains every year.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

Introduction This mishnah deals with the extra incense. Every day there were two incense offerings, one in the morning and one in the evening (Exodus 30:7-8). The incense for 365 days and for three extra incense offerings on Yom Kippur was prepared ahead of time. The lunar year is only 354 years, so the extra incense was to be saved up for the leap year, when they would add a month. The problem is that from the first of Nisan the incense had to be offered using the new shekels. Our mishnah describes a way in which they could save the incense for the following year and yet still pay for it with new shekels.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מה היו עושין בה – to offer as incense to God in the next year, for there is no year without surplus for the incense was made into three-hundred and sixty-eight minas for three-hundred and sixty-five minas is like the three hundred and sixty-five days of the solar [year] and three minas that from them, the High Priest would bring in his handfuls on Yom Kippur but they would not all enter with their handfuls. And furthermore, in each ordinary year, there was a surplus since an ordinary year had three-hundred and fifty-four days.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

What was done with the surplus of the incense?
They would separate from it the wages of the craftsmen, and they would exchange it for the wages of the craftsmen, and they would give it to the craftsmen as their wages, and then they would buy it back again out of a new appropriation. This is how they would turn the incense for the previous year into incense for the following year. First they would separate an amount of incense that would be used to pay the wages of those who make the incense. Then they would redeem that incense with money set aside to pay those craftsmen. The money then would become sacred and the incense would be non-sacred. They then would give the non-sacred incense to the craftsmen as their wages and then they would buy back the incense with new shekels. The craftsmen would have their wages, and the incense was bought with new shekels. They could have done all this in a much simpler way they could simply sell the old incense and then buy it back with new money. However, the rabbis thought that the arrangement of using it for the craftsmen’s wages was more appropriate for sacred money.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מפרישין ממנה – from the chamber.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

If the new month had arrived in time they would bring it with the new appropriation, but if not, they from the old one. If the first of Nisan came on time, meaning that Adar had only twenty-nine days, then they would immediately begin to use the new appropriation to buy the incense and all of the public sacrifices. However, if Nisan did not come on time, meaning Adar had thirty days, they would bring it from the incense bought with the old shekels.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

שכר האומנין – from the pounding of the incense, they would take their payment from the chamber of the sacred donations and they would take possession of the monies for artisans through one hand from the treasurers and they are non-holy [produce], and even though what is holy does not become non-holy if they don’t bring something else in its place for holiness. The sacred donations of the chamber are different since the Jewish court makes a condition upon them to give them for several things. But after the monies were transferred for the needs of the artisans, they would redeem the incense with those monies. But the sacred monies from the old sacred donations, they would give the incense to the artisans as their payment and go back and repurchase it from them with monies of the new sacred donations. And in this way, the matter was much more discreet to not sell it and then go back and repurchase it.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

אם בא חודש בזמנו – that they brought new Shekalim prior to Rosh Hodesh Nisan which is the time for the new sacred donations, they purchase the surplus of the incense from the new sacred donations through redemption as we explained above.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

ואם לאו – they had not yet brought their new Shekalim, they purchase it from the old sacred donations if they redeemed it already, and if they had not redeemed it, they offer incense for since the new [donations] had not yet come, they must bring it from the old.

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