Es ist erlaubt, einen Krug (am Schabbat) zu zerbrechen (dies ist "Mekalkel" (schädlich)), um Feigen daraus zu essen, solange er nicht vorhat, ein Gefäß zu bauen [dh eine schöne Öffnung dafür zu machen ]. Und es ist verboten, einen Stopfen eines (Weinkruges) zu durchstechen [dh den Stopfen, der an der Öffnung des Kruges versiegelt ist; aber er entfernt alles, denn das Durchstechen des Stopfens bildet (als) eine Öffnung.] Dies sind die Worte von R. Yehudah. R. Yossi erlaubt es, [dies ist nicht die konventionelle Öffnung. Die Halacha stimmt mit R. Yossi überein.] Und er darf sie nicht von ihrer Seite durchstechen. [Das heißt, R. Yossi erlaubt es, es nur von oben am Kopf des Stopfens zu punktieren, wobei es nicht üblich ist, dort eine Öffnung zu gestalten, sondern den gesamten Stopfen zu entfernen. Aber nebenbei sticht man manchmal die Seite des Stopfens durch, um eine Öffnung zu machen (man möchte sie nicht oben öffnen, damit keine Kieselsteine oder Sand in den Wein fallen.)] Und wenn sie durchstochen werden, ist er nicht erlaubt Wachs darauf zu legen, dies ist memareach ("Verschmieren") [verboten wegen memachek ("Löschen")]. R. Yehudah sagte: Ein solcher Fall [Wachs setzen usw.] kam vor R. Yochanan b. Zakkai in Arav, und er sagte: "Ich befürchte, dass er für ein Sündopfer verantwortlich sein könnte" [wenn er Wachs verschmierte, um es an den Wänden des Gefäßes um das Loch zu befestigen.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
שובר אדם את החבית – because it is damaged.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
Introduction
This mishnah teaches that one may break open a container to get food out of it, but one may not break open the container in such a way that the container becomes a vessel. Making a vessel is prohibited on Shabbat but ruining vessels is permitted, so long as there is a purpose to ruining them, like getting the food out.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ובלבד שלא יתכוין לעשותה כלי – to make for it a nice spout.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
A man may break open a cask in order to eat dried figs from it, provided that he does not intend to make the cask into a vessel. Since breaking the ceramic cask ruins it, she may break it open in order to get out the figs (or whatever else may be inside). However, she may not break it open and leave a nice opening in such a way that the cask becomes a vessel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
אין נוקבים מגופה – that is attached to the mouth of the barrel, for if he were to pierce it, he would he is repairing the opening.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And one may not perforate the stopper of a cask, the words of Rabbi Judah. But the sages permit it. Rabbi Judah holds that one may not perforate the ceramic stopper which is on the top of a cask because that is considered making a vessel. What she should do is remove the stopper altogether. The sages allow it because this is not a normal way of making a vessel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ר' יוסי מתיר – for it is not the manner for the opening of the barrel with this, and the Halakha is according to Rabbi Yosi.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And one may not pierce it at its side; All agree that one cannot pierce it at its side. In the Talmud there is a debate whether this refers to the side of the cask or the side of the stopper.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ולא יקבנה מצדה – that is to say, that which Rabbi Yosi permits to pierce the bung/stopper, is nor permitted other than above at the top of the stopper, for it is not the manner to make an opening there, but rather, he takes the entire bung/stopper, but from its side, as sometimes when he makes a perforation in the side of the bung, because he does not want to open it above so that stones or dirt will not fall into the wine.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And if it is already perforated one may not place wax upon it, because he smoothes it out. Rabbi Judah said: a case came before Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai in Arav and he said, “I fear [that he may be liable] to a sin-offering.” If the cask/stopper is already perforated she may not spread wax upon it in order to close it up. The problem is that when she pours wax she will also need to smooth it out. The rabbis thought that smoothing out wax was like “erasing” which is prohibited. Rabbi Judah relates a case where a person who perforated a cask/stopper at its side came in front of R. Yohanan ben Zakai and R. Yohanan said that he might be obligated to bring a sin-offering for having unwittingly transgressed Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ממרח – and there is here because of erasing/blotting out.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
בערב – the name of a place.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
חוששני לו מחטאת – if the wax is smoothed over to cleave to the walls of the utensil around the perforation/hole.
