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Kommentar zu Sanhedrin 4:2

דִּינֵי הַטֻּמְאוֹת וְהַטָּהֳרוֹת מַתְחִילִין מִן הַגָּדוֹל, דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת מַתְחִילִין מִן הַצָּד. הַכֹּל כְּשֵׁרִין לָדוּן דִּינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת וְאֵין הַכֹּל כְּשֵׁרִין לָדוּן דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת, אֶלָּא כֹהֲנִים, לְוִיִּם, וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים הַמַּשִּׂיאִין לַכְּהֻנָּה:

Fälle von (ritueller) Unreinheit und Sauberkeit beginnen beim Senior (Richter). Kapitalfälle beginnen von der Seite [dh von denen mit geringerer Weisheit, die an der Seite saßen und geschrieben wurden (2. Mose 23: 2): "Antworte nicht auf Riv (geschrieben" Rav "), um abzuweichen." Das heißt, antworte nicht nach dem Auserwählten in Beth-Din, um von seinen Worten abzuweichen. Aus diesem Grund werden seine Worte erst am Ende gehört.] Alle sind kasher, um über Geldstreitigkeiten zu entscheiden, [sogar ein Proselyte, wenn seine Mutter eine Jüdin wäre. Und ein Mamzer ist auch kasher, um über Geldstreitigkeiten zu entscheiden.] Aber nicht alle sind kasher, um über Kapitalfälle zu entscheiden, sondern nur Cohanim, Leviten und Israeliten, die in das Priestertum heiraten können [es wird geschrieben (2. Mose 18:22): "Und lassen Sie sie Ihre Last erleichtern und mit Ihnen tragen (Moses)"—Sie müssen wie du sein. So wie Moses, unser Lehrer, "Stammbaum" war, muss Beth-Din Stammbaum sein.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

מן הצד – from the smallest in wisdom who were sitting on the side, as Scripture states (Exodus 23:2): “…you shall not give perverse testimony/"לא תענה על-רב" in a dispute…” It is written as "רב" [even though in the fuller written version it is pronounced as "ריב" ) – meaning do not pervert testimony of the expert assessor at court to whom questions of law are referred/the distinguished instructing judge and pervert his words, therefore, we do not listen to his words other than at the conclusion [of the proceedings].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin

In non-capital cases and those concerning uncleanness and cleanness [the judges declare their opinion] beginning from the eldest, but in capital cases they begin from [them that sit at] the side.
All are qualified to try non-capital cases, but not all are qualified to try capital cases, only priests, levites and Israelites that may give [their daughters] in marriage to priests.

Mishnah two contains more information regarding the differences between capital and non-capital cases.
This mishnah contains an additional two differences between non-capital cases and capital cases. (We learned of eight differences in mishnah one.)
In all types of non-capital cases the eldest judge may state his opinion first, but in capital cases the decision stating process begins from the side of the room, where the younger members of the court would sit. This is to prevent the youngest judge from being unduly influenced by the opinion of the eldest judge.
A person of any lineage may judge non-capital cases, even mamzerim (those born of illicit unions) and even converts. However, only those who can marry their daughters to priests, meaning priests, levites and Israelites can judge capital cases. This law certainly reflects the import that the Rabbinic society ascribed to familial relations.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

הכל כשרים לדון – and even a convert [may judge monetary cases], and he whose mother is from Israel, and an illegitimate person/Mamzer is also fit to judge monetary cases.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

ואין הכל כשרים לדון דיני נפשות – As it is written (Exodus 18:22): “…Make it easier for yourself by letting them share the burden with you,” those that are similar to you. Just as Moses our teacher is of distinguished birth/legitimate descent, so to the Jewish court must be of distinguished birth/legitimate descent.
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