Kommentar zu Kelim 8:1
הַתַּנּוּר שֶׁחֲצָצוֹ בִנְסָרִים אוֹ בִירִיעוֹת, נִמְצָא שֶׁרֶץ בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד, הַכֹּל טָמֵא. כַּוֶּרֶת פְּחוּתָה וּפְקוּקָה בְקַשׁ וּמְשֻׁלְשֶׁלֶת לַאֲוִיר הַתַּנּוּר, הַשֶּׁרֶץ בְּתוֹכָהּ, הַתַּנּוּר טָמֵא. הַשֶּׁרֶץ בַּתַּנּוּר, אֳכָלִין שֶׁבְּתוֹכָהּ טְמֵאִין. וְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַהֵר. אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, אִם הִצִּילָה בְמֵת הֶחָמוּר, לֹא תַצִּיל בִּכְלִי חֶרֶס הַקַּל. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אִם הִצִּילָה בְמֵת הֶחָמוּר, שֶׁכֵּן חוֹלְקִים אֹהָלִים, תַּצִּיל בִּכְלִי חֶרֶס הַקַּל, שֶׁאֵין חוֹלְקִים כְּלִי חָרֶס:
Ein Ofen, den sie mit Brettern oder Behängen aufteilten , und in dem ein Sheretz [eine von mehreren Arten von Reptilien und Nagetieren] in einem Fach gefunden wurde, ist der gesamte Ofen unrein. Wenn ein Bienenstock zerbrochen ist und sein Spalt mit Stroh verschlossen ist und er im Luftraum eines Ofens aufgehängt wurde, während sich ein Sheretz darin befand [der Bienenstock], wird der Ofen unrein. Wenn sich ein Sheretz im Ofen befand, werden alle Lebensmittel im Bienenstock unrein. Aber Rabbi Eliezer sagt, dass es rein ist. Rabbi Eliezer sagte: Wenn es im Falle einer Leiche Schutz bietet, was konsequenter ist, sollte es im Fall eines Steingutgefäßes, das weniger folgenreich ist, keinen Schutz bieten? Sie sagten zu ihm: Wenn es im Falle einer Leiche Schutz bietet, dann deshalb, weil Zelte geteilt werden können; Sollte es auch Schutz bieten, wenn ein Steingutgefäß nicht geteilt werden darf?
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
התנור שחצצו (the oven that was divided [by hangings/boards]) – that he made a partition in its mid-section and divided it until above from its top-most layer.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
An oven which they partitioned with boards or hangings, and in it was found a sheretz in one compartment, the entire oven is unclean. If people divided an oven into different parts, all the way from the bottom to the top, and then a dead sheretz (an impure creepy crawling thing) is found in one section, the entire oven is impure. This is because a partition put into an earthenware vessel does not count as far as stopping impurity from spreading from one side to the other.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
הכל טמא – even foods that are in the second side of the partition.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
A hive which was broken and its gap was stopped up with straw and was suspended within the air-space of an oven while a sheretz was within it, the oven becomes unclean. The mishnah now complicates the picture a bit more. If a vessel shaped as a beehive was broken, it no longer counts a vessel, even if the gap was stopped up with straw. If there is a sheretz in this vessel and the entire vessel is suspended in an oven, the impurity breaks out of the hive-vessel and defiles the oven.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
כוורת פחותה ופקוקה בקש (a defective bee-hive, which was repaired with stuffing of straw) – for this purpose, it (i.e., the Mishnah) took [the term] פחותה/defective, for it is not a vessel, for if were complete/full it would protect over the foods that are within it, for even a vessel that drips protects/saves, but here not it is not a vessel, it is a mere partition, and [the term] פקוקה בקש/stopped up with stuffing of straw – is taken [by the Mishnah] to add something new, for even though its defectiveness is stuffed with straw, it is not a vessel, and doesn’t protect the foods that are within it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
If a sheretz was within the oven, any food within the hive becomes unclean. But Rabbi Eliezer says that it is clean. Similarly, at least according to the sages, if there is a sheretz within the oven, the impurity of the sheretz defiles that which is in the hive-vessel. Rabbi Eliezer disputes and holds that the hive which has been stopped up with straw protects the food within it from being contaminated by the sheretz in the oven.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ומשולשת – hanging.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
Rabbi Eliezer said: if it affords protection in the case of a corpse which is more consequential, should it not afford protection in the case of an earthenware vessel which is less consequential? Rabbi Eliezer argues his point by making an analogy with a corpse found in a building. If a corpse is in a building and the building has been divided by boards or curtains, the vessels found in sections of the building in which the corpse is not present are not considered contaminated. If, Rabbi Eliezer reasons, partitions protect against corpse impurity which is the most serious form of impurity, then the partition of the hive should also protect the food within it. In other words, even if the vessel is not complete, it should still count as a partition, just as do curtains and boards in a building.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
אם הצילה במת החמור – for a defective bee-hive that is repaired with the stuffing of straw divides in the face of defilement that is in the tent of a corpse, but even though its defilement is more grave than the defilement to a person or to vessels for a seven day defilement [period].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
They said to him: if it affords protection in the case of corpse impurity, this is because tents are divided, should it also afford protection in the case of an earthenware vessel which is not divided? The other rabbis reject his argument because the situations are not analogous. Tents, i.e. buildings, are commonly partitioned, and therefore their partition succeeds in dividing one section from the other. In contrast, as we learned in the first half of the mishnah, partitions within ovens are not typical and therefore they do not succeed in stopping the impurity from going to the other side. Here is a classic example where we can see that the laws of impurity are not purely physical but that they in some way describe reality. The material that is used to divide an oven or a house may be the exact same thing, but in one case it provides a barrier to the spread of impurity and in the other case it does not. The law conveys the reality that houses are divided into parts and ovens are not.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
לא תציל בכלי חרס הקל – which does not defile other than foods and liquids.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
שכן חולקים אהלים – for it is the manner for people to divide tents with partitions; therefore, the bee-hive is like a partition that saves/protects the tent of a corpse from defilement.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
שאין חולקים כלי חרס – for there is no way to divide an earthenware vessel with a partition. Another explanation and essential: that we do divide tents for the dividing of tents with a partition has effect, for it is taught in the Mishnah in the Tractate Ohalot, in the Chapter סגוס עבה/A Thick Cloak (Chapter 15, Mishnah 4): “A house that was divided with boards or curtains, from the sides or from the roof beams – uncleanness is in the house; utensils that are within the partitioned-off area are clean.” But the division of the partition has no effect with earthenware vessels, for it is taught [in the Mishnah] regarding an oven here that was divided with boards or curtains, if an unclean reptile is found in one part, everything is impure. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Eliezer.
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