Wenn jemand außerhalb des Tchums ging, auch nur eine Elle, darf er nicht eintreten (das Tchum). [Er hat nur vier Ellen auf jeder Seite. Und obwohl diese vier Ellen innerhalb der Stadt "verschluckt" werden, sagen wir nicht "sobald er eingetreten ist, ist er eingetreten", denn er ist der Ansicht, dass das "Verschlucken" von t'chumin keine Rolle spielt .] R. Eliezer sagt: (Wenn er nach draußen ging) zwei (Ellen), er kann eintreten; drei, er darf nicht eintreten. [R. Elieser stimmt mit seiner Ansicht überein (4: 5): "Und er in der Mitte"; dh am Ende von zweitausend Ellen hat er vier Ellen: zwei auf einer Seite innerhalb des Tchums und zwei auf der anderen Seite außerhalb des Tchums. Wenn er also in der zweiten Elle (außerhalb des Tchum) steht, kann er eintreten. Denn das "Verschlucken" von t'chumin ist von Bedeutung. Die Halacha stimmt nicht mit R. Eliezer überein.] Wenn die Dunkelheit auf einen außerhalb des Tchum herabkam [dh wenn er auf der Straße war und die Dunkelheit außerhalb des Tchum auf ihn herabstieg], darf er auch nur eine Elle nicht eintreten. [Denn er hat an seiner Stelle keine Wohnung erworben, nachdem er gezeigt hatte, dass er dies nicht wollte; und er erwarb keine Wohnung in der Stadt, da mehr als zweitausend Ellen zwischen ihm und der Stadt waren. Deshalb hat er nur vier Ellen, als einer, der das Tchum verlassen hat.] R. Shimon sagt: Bis zu fünfzehn Ellen [Nicht genau, aber auch ein bisschen mehr oder weniger. (Einige interpretieren es als genau fünfzehn. Ich konnte das nicht gut auslegen)]; für die Vermesser [diejenigen, die das t'chumin von Städten messen und ein Zeichen für das Ende des tchum machen] messen nicht genau, wegen denen, die sich irren. [Sie markieren das Tchum nicht genau am Ende von zweitausend Ellen, sondern in dieser Entfernung, weil diejenigen, die sich irren, die Markierung nicht erkennen und manchmal unwissentlich darüber hinausgehen und zurückkehren. Aus diesem Grund haben sie (die Vermesser) immer innerhalb der zweitausend markiert, so dass sich diese fünfzehn Ellen innerhalb des Tchums befinden. Und weil er (einer, der diese Grenze überschritten hatte) dies irrtümlich tat, durfte er zurückkehren; und sie waren nicht streng mit ihm wie mit jemandem, der außerhalb des Tchum ging, der darauf achten sollte, dies nicht zu tun. Die Halacha stimmt nicht mit R. Shimon überein.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
אפילו אמה אחת לא יכנס – and he doesn’t have anything other than four cubits from here and four cubits from there, and even though his four cubits is enclosed within the [Sabbath] limits of the city, we do not say that since he arrived, he arrived, for he holds that the enclosure of Sabbath limits isn’t anything.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
Introduction
The first section of this mishnah deals with someone who goes beyond the Shabbat limit without having permission to do so. The second mishnah deals with someone who is just outside the city’s Shabbat limits on Friday when dusk comes. In both cases the issue at hand is may he enter the Shabbat limit after Shabbat has begun.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
שתים יכנס – Rabbi Eliezer, according to his reasoning who said, that he is in their middle, for at the end of the two-thousand [cubits], he has four cubits – two from this side within the [Sabbath] limit and two from that side at the end of the [Sabbath] limit; therefore, if he would stand in the second cubit, he could enter for the enclosure/absorption of [Sabbath] limits matters, but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Eliezer.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
One who went out beyond his Shabbat limit, even one cubit may not re-enter. Rabbi Eliezer says: [if he went] two cubits [beyond his Shabbat limit] he may re-enter, three cubits he may not re-enter. According to the first opinion in the mishnah, once someone goes beyond his Shabbat limit, he may not come back inside the border. He may now move only four cubits in each direction. Rabbi Eliezer holds that if he is two cubits or less outside the border, he may come back in. According to Rabbi Eliezer a person can always walk two cubits in each direction (above mishnah five) and therefore he can come back into the border. However, if he is more than two cubits outside the border he may not come back.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
מי שהחשיך – that he was coming from the path and it became dark for him outside the [Sabbath] limits.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
One who was overtaken by dusk when only one cubit [outside the Shabbat limit] may not enter [the Shabbat border]. Rabbi Shimon says: even if he was fifteen cubits away he may enter since the surveyors do not measure exactly on account of those who err. If the person is not within the Shabbat border at dusk, he may not enter after Shabbat begins, even if he is only one cubit outside the border. If he intended for that place to be his “Shabbat place” then he may walk 2000 cubits in all directions, but he may not enter the city. The Talmud Yerushalmi explains that Rabbi Eliezer also disagrees with this clause and holds that if he is within two cubits of the border, he may enter. Rabbi Shimon holds that even if he is fifteen cubits outside of the border, he still may enter because when the surveyors set up their marks of Shabbat limits, they do not measure precisely. This is explained in two different ways. One explanation is that the surveyors leave fifteen cubits extra so that if people take a few steps beyond the Shabbat limit, they can come back. The other explanation is that the surveyors themselves make mistakes and these mistakes are typically up to fifteen cubits.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
לא יכנס – because he did not acquire a Sabbath resting place in his place because he did not reveal his intention that he wanted to acquire a Sabbath resting place in his place. But in the city, he did not acquire a Sabbath resting place because between him and the city there is more than two-thousand cubits, therefore, he has nothing other than four cubits according to the law of “he who went outside the Sabbath limits.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
עד ט"ו אמה – not exactly, for the same law applies a little bit less or a little bit more. But there are those who interpret fifteen [cubits] exactly, and I don’t know how to reconcile this well.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
המשוחות – those who measure the [Sabbath] limits (i.e., the surveyors) for the cities and make a sign at the end of the [Sabbath] limit, they do not measure to make the sign of two-thousand exactly but mark within the limits in order to allow for mistakes (see Talmud Eruvin 52b) who do not recognize the sign and sometimes they go out further than it, and they are not paying attention to it; because of this, it is was customary always to contract within the two-thousand, so that it would be that these fifteen cubits are within the [Sabbath] limits and since this individual was the victim of an accident, we permit him to enter and we are not stringent with him, for just as we are stringent with someone who left outside of the [Sabbath] limits and there, he had to be careful to pay attention that he should not leave, but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon.
