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Kommentar zu Eduyot 6:2

הֵעִיד רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְרַבִּי נְחוּנְיָא בֶּן אֱלִינָתָן אִישׁ כְּפַר הַבַּבְלִי, עַל אֵבֶר מִן הַמֵּת שֶׁהוּא טָמֵא, שֶׁרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא עַל אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, וַהֲלֹא קַל וָחֹמֶר. וּמַה מִן הַחַי שֶׁהוּא טָהוֹר, אֵבֶר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ טָמֵא, הַמֵּת שֶׁהוּא טָמֵא, אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁיִּהְיֶה אֵבֶר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ טָמֵא. אָמַר לָהֶם, לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא עַל אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מְרֻבָּה טֻמְאַת הַחַיִּים מִטֻּמְאַת הַמֵּתִים, שֶׁהַחַי עוֹשֶׂה מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב מִתַּחְתָּיו, לְטַמֵּא אָדָם וּלְטַמֵּא בְגָדִים, וְעַל גַּבָּיו מַדָּף לְטַמֵּא אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִין, מַה שֶּׁאֵין הַמֵּת מְטַמֵּא:

R. Yehoshua und R. Nechunia b. Elinathan von Kfar Habavli bezeugte über einen Teil [weniger als eine Olivengröße], ​​der von einer Leiche getrennt worden war, dass es sich um Tamei handelt. [(Alle sind sich einig, dass die Olivengröße eines toten Körpers tamei ist wie der Körper selbst. Sie streiten sich nur über einen kleinen Teil, weniger als die Größe einer Olive)]. Für R. Eliezer sagt: Sie (die Weisen) sagten [dass Körperteile keine (minimale) Größe (für Tumah) haben, nur etwa einen Teil von einem lebenden Tier, [aber ein Teil von einem toten Tier erfordert eine (minimale) Größe für tumah]. Sie sagten zu ihm: Ist es nicht durch kal vachomer (a fortiori) ableitbar [dass ein Teil von einem toten Tier (sogar weniger als eine olivgrüne Größe) tamei ist, nämlich] wenn von einem lebenden Tier, welches ist tahor (sauber), ein Teil (noch weniger als eine Olivengröße), der sich davon trennt, ist tamei—folgt ein totes Tier, das Tamei ist, nicht (a fortiori), dass ein Teil, der sich von ihm trennt, Tamei ist? Er sagte zu ihnen: Sie sprachen nur über einen Teil eines lebenden Tieres. Und außerdem ist [in Widerlegung des Kal Vachomer] die Tumah der Lebenden größer als die der Toten! Denn die Lebenden [dh ein Zav, wenn er lebt] machen durch Mischkav und Moshav (Unreinheit von Couch und Sitz) [alle Gefäße] unter ihm unrein, [sogar einhundert von ihnen], um einen Mann unrein und zu machen Kleidungsstücke unrein machen, [nämlich. (3. Mose 15: 5): "Und ein Mann, der berührt, worauf er (ein Zav) liegt, wird seine Kleidung waschen."] Und er macht das, was über ihm ist, "madaf" [Alle Gefäße über dem Zav, obwohl sie a sind Hundert übereinander erwerben madaf Unreinheit; das ist "leichte" Tumah, die Menschen und Gefäße nicht unrein macht, wie Mischkav und Moshav, die unter ihm sind, sondern (nur) Essen und Trinken. ("madaf" wie in 3. Mose 26:36: "der Klang eines getriebenen [nidaf] Blattes")—das heißt, "leichte" Tumah. Oder, wie in "seinem offenen Knoten (breitet sich aus)", der "Geruch" der Tumah des Zav breitete sich weit aus, um alle Gefäße über ihm unrein zu machen, obwohl er sie nicht berührte]—- was nicht von einer Leiche bewirkt wird. [Denn von den Gefäßen unter einem toten Körper erlangen nur das erste, zweite und dritte durch Maga (Kontakt) Unreinheit. Das Gefäß, das den toten Körper berührt, wird wie der tote Körper selbst und macht das Gefäß, das ihn berührt, zu "av" (einem "Vater" der Unreinheit). Und das dritte, das berührt, wird zu einem Rishon ("ersten"), nach dem Gefäße nicht mehr sind Tamei wiederum gemacht, Schiffe, die Tumah nur von der Av von Tumah erwerben. Ebenso sind von den Gefäßen über der Leiche nur die ersten, zweiten und dritten Tamei über Maga (Kontakt) und nicht über Mischkav und Moshav.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

על אבר מן המת (see also Tractate Ohalot, Chapter 1, Mishnah 7)- which lacks the equivalent of an olive’s bulk, for the equivalent of an olive’s bulk from the dead always defiles, according to the words of everyone, like the dead himself. And they did not dispute other than on a small limb which lacks in it the equivalent of an olive’s bulk.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eduyot

Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Nehunia ben Elinathan, a man of Kefar Habavli, testified concerning a limb [separated] from a corpse that it is impure;
whereas Rabbi Eliezer says: they declared [this] only of a limb from a living [man].
They said to him: is not there an inference from the minor to the major (kal: If in the case of a living man [who is himself pure] a limb severed from him is impure, how much more in the case of a corpse [which is itself impure] should a limb severed from it be impure!
He said to them: they have [nevertheless] declared it only of a limb from a living man.
Another answer: The impurity of living men is greater than the impurity of corpses, because a living man causes that on which he lies and sits to become capable of making impure a man and clothing, and [he causes also] what is over him to transfer impurity to foods and liquids- which is defilement that a corpse does not cause.

This mishnah contains Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Nehunia ben Elinathan’s testimony regarding the impurity of a limb separated from a corpse.
The dispute in our mishnah concerns whether or not a limb separated from corpse transmits tent impurity (anything which is under the same roof with it becomes impure). Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Nehunia state that it is impure. Rabbi Eliezer states that it is pure, and that the only type of “separated limb” which is impure is one that has been separated from a living body.
Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Nehunya respond with a classic type of Talmudic argumentation, called a “kal vehomer”. Generally a corpse is considered the greatest source of impurity, whereas a living body is often not a source of impurity at all. [It is not in and of itself impure; it only becomes impure if it contracts it somehow.] If a limb separated from a living body is impure, even though the living body itself is pure, all the more so a limb separated from a corpse is impure, since the corpse itself is impure.
Rabbi Eliezer’s response is very typical of Rabbi Eliezer. He states that although Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Nehunya’s reasoning may be good reasoning, the tradition that he received from his teachers was only that a limb separated from a living body was impure. Even though there may be logic in extending this principle to include limbs from corpses, Rabbi Eliezer does not believe that it is the sage’s responsibility to add on to received traditions. Rabbi Eliezer is known as an arch-traditionalist; in another place he claims never to have stated anything that he did not hear from his teachers. Here we see classic example of Rabbi Eliezer sticking to his received tradition, in the face of a good argument to extend that tradition.
The final section of the mishnah contains a logical refutation of Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Nehunya’s kal vehomer argument. In order to refute a kal vehomer argument one must point out that one side is not always more stringent than the other side. In other words, if the kal vehomer was based on a stable, predictable relationship between two things, the refutation points out that this relationship is not so predictable. In this case Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Nehunya had pointed out that a corpse is more impure than a living body, and therefore if something that comes from a living body is impure, all the more so the same thing that comes from a corpse will be impure. The refutation points out that with regards to some laws, the living body is a greater source of impurity than the corpse. A zav (a person with an unusual genital discharge) causes anything on which he sits or lies to become impure and able to transmit impurity to people or clothing. He also causes anything above him to become impure and able to transmit impurity to food and liquids. The corpse does not have such a strong ability to impart impurity. Since in some ways the living body can have a stronger impurity than the corpse, one cannot make the kal vehomer argument that Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Nehunya tried to make.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

לא אמרו – limbs lack a fixed measurement, other than on the limb from a living person, but a limb from a dead person – a barley’s amount is necessary to defile.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

מרובה טומאת החיים – now it raises an object on a Kal V’Homer/an a fortiori inference and this is how it should be read: it is law that a limb from a living being defiles in any amount even though a limb from a dead individual does not defile in any amount, for we have found that the defilement from the living is greater than the defilement from the dead.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

שהחי – that is the person with a flux who is alive (see also Tractate Zavim, Chapter 4, Mishnah 6).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

עושה משכב ומושב – all utensils that are under it, and even if they are one hundred, defiles man and defiles clothing, as it is written (Leviticus 15:5): “Anyone who touches his bedding shall wash his wash his clothes,[bate in water, and remain impure until evening].”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

ועל גביו מדף – all utensils that are on the person with a flux, even if they are one-hundred, this one on top of that one, are all impure through indirect contact for conferring ritual impurity, that is a a light impurity, which do not defile a person or utensils like surfaces designed for lying and sitting which are below him, but do defile food-stuffs and liquids, and the word מדף/indirect contact – is based upon the expression (Leviticus 26:36): “The sound of a driven leaf [shall put them to flight,” that is a light defilement. Another explanation: the expression its breath smells, that the breath of the defilement of an individual with a flux travels great distances to defile all the utensils upon it, even though it did not come in contact with them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

מה שאין המת מטמא – for the utensils that are under the dead person are not defiled other than first-degree and second-degree and third-degree alone. From the law of contact, for the utensils that came in contact/touched the dead is like the dead, and makes the utensil that it came in contact with a primary [level of defilement], and [something that is is] third level of defilement that came in contact with it is made into first-degree [of defilement] and further than that, does not defile utensils. For utensils do not receive defilement other than from a primary-level of defilement. And similarly, utensils that are upon the dead do not defile other than first-degree, second-degree or third degree alone, from the law of contact, and not from the law of lying and sitting.
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