Месорат Хашас к Авот 5:7

שִׁבְעָה דְבָרִים בַּגֹּלֶם וְשִׁבְעָה בֶחָכָם. חָכָם אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר בִּפְנֵי מִי שֶׁהוּא גָדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ בְחָכְמָה וּבְמִנְיָן, וְאֵינוֹ נִכְנָס לְתוֹךְ דִּבְרֵי חֲבֵרוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ נִבְהָל לְהָשִׁיב, שׁוֹאֵל כָּעִנְיָן וּמֵשִׁיב כַּהֲלָכָה, וְאוֹמֵר עַל רִאשׁוֹן רִאשׁוֹן וְעַל אַחֲרוֹן אַחֲרוֹן, וְעַל מַה שֶּׁלֹּא שָׁמַע, אוֹמֵר לֹא שָׁמָעְתִּי, וּמוֹדֶה עַל הָאֱמֶת. וְחִלּוּפֵיהֶן בַּגֹּלֶם:

Семь вещей характеризуют голам [от «golmei kelim», «незаконченных сосудов». Итак, человека, который не «закончен» в уме, полузащите или мудрости, называют «голамом», а семеро характеризуют мудреца: мудрец не говорит в присутствии того, кто мудрее его. [Ибо таким образом мы находим с Елазаром и Итамаром (Левит 10: 16-19), которые отказались говорить в присутствии своего отца (Аарона), когда Моисей рассердился на них, и Аарон ответил], и он не прерывает слова его соседа, [чтобы не смущать его, а именно. (Бамидбар 12: 6): «Услышь, теперь, мои слова», т. Е. Подожди, пока я (лорд) не закончу говорить—fortiori для человека (который может быть сбит с толку)], и он не спешит с ответом, так что его ответ будет уместным, как в случае с Илий, который сказал (Iyyov 36: 2): «Подождите меня некоторое время и Я скажу вам. "], Он спрашивает по этому вопросу, и он отвечает в соответствии с Галахой. [Это один из семи. Ученик спрашивает о предмете, то есть предмете, который обсуждается, и затем раввин отвечает в соответствии с галахой. Но если ученик не спрашивает об этом предмете, он заставляет раввина отвечать не в соответствии с галахой, как Р. Чийя говорит раву: «Когда раввин занят этим трактатом, не спрашивайте его из другого трактата». и как в случае тех людей, которые были нечистыми из-за (контакта) с мертвым телом и видели Моисея, занятого галахотом жертвы Песаха, спросили его (галаху) об этом предмете.], и он отвечает первый (вопрос) первый и последний, последний, [как мы находим у Святого Благословенного Тот, кого Моисей спросил (Исход 3:11): «Кто я такой, чтобы мне идти к фараону и что я должен взять дети Израиля из Египта? », который ответил на первый вопрос (там же, 12):« Я буду с тобой », а второй (там же):« Когда вы вытащите народ из Египта, вы должны служить Б-гу и т. д. »], и о том, чего он не слышал, он говорит:« Я не слышал этого ». [Если он выносит решение самостоятельно, он не говорит: «Так я слышал от моих раввинов». И мы обнаруживаем, что с людьми из Чарана Иаков спросил их (Бытие 29: 6): «Здоров ли он (Лаван)?» они сказали ему: «Хорошо, и вот, Рахиль, дочь его, идет с стадом». Это (что ему хорошо) мы знаем. И если бы вы знали больше, вот его дочь идет с стадом ", и она скажет вам, потому что мы не знаем больше этого.], И он признает правду, [хотя он может отстаивать свою точку зрения. И, таким образом, мы находим с Моисеем (Левит 10:19), когда Аарон опроверг его, сказав [Если вы слышали (от Л-рого), что это (такая еда) разрешено с кодшим для конкретного случая (инвестиции), это нет лицензии на разрешение этого в «постоянном» кодшиме (таком как козел Рош Ходеш) (там же, 20): «И услышал Моисей, и это было хорошо в его глазах». Он признал (что он слышал это от L но он забыл вместо того, чтобы «прикрывать» (говоря, что он не слышал)]. И их разговор с голамом. [Противоположность этих вещей, которые характеризуют мудреца, характеризуют голам.]

Tractate Derekh Eretz Zuta

Seven attributes of an unformed soul, and seven of a wise soul: The wise is not making his points prior to one greater than he in wisdom or experience, he is not interrupting the words of his peer, he is not hasty to answer in vain. He questions according to the topic, and he answers with respect to the law. He speaks of first things first, and last things last. Regarding that which he has not heard, he says, "I have not heard", and he acknowledges the truth. The opposite of all these, the unformed soul does.

Avot DeRabbi Natan

The wise person does not speak before one who is greater than him in wisdom.
From whom do we learn this? From Moses, as it says (Exodus 4:30), “Aaron repeated all the words that the Eternal had spoken to Moses, and he performed the signs in the sight of the people.” And who was the appropriate person to say all these things, Moses or Aaron? One would assume Moses, for Moses had heard them from the mouth of the Almighty, whereas Aaron had heard them just from Moses! However, Moses said to himself: Can I speak in place of my older brother while he is standing right there? Therefore, he told Aaron to speak, as it says (Exodus 4:30), “Aaron repeated all the words that the Eternal had spoken to Moses.”
And he does not interrupt his fellow.
This is Aaron [as it says (Leviticus 10:19), “Then Aaron spoke…see, this day they brought their sin offering and their burnt offering.” But] he was quiet until Moses had finished speaking, and he did not tell Moses to cut his words short. Only afterward did he say to Moses, “See, this day they brought their sin offering and their burnt offering,” but we are in mourning [and cannot eat of the offerings]. And some say that Aaron pulled Moses aside and said to him, “Moses my brother, tithes are the least important of the offerings, and it is still forbidden for a mourner to eat them. A sin offering is the most important of the offerings, so all the more so is it forbidden for a mourner to eat it! Immediately, Moses admitted that [Aaron] was right, as it says (Leviticus 10:20), “And when Moses heard this, it was good in his eyes.” (And in the eyes of the Almighty.)
We learn also from the fact that Moses became angry with Elazar and Itamar, Aaron’s sons. From this, they say that when a person [makes a celebration] for his students, he turns his attention to the greatest of them. But when he becomes angry with them, he directs his anger to the lowliest among them, as it says (Leviticus 10:16), “And he became angry with Elazar and Itamar.” This shows that he was actually angry with Aaron as well.
Aaron was older than Moses, but the Eternal is greater than Aaron! So why didn’t the Eternal speak to Aaron? Because he did not have his sons stand guard. Because if he had put Elazar and Itamar on guard, then he could have kept Nadav and Avihu from sinning.
We learn also from Abraham our forefather, who prayed for the men of Sodom. The Holy Blessed One said to him (Genesis 28:26), “If I find fifty righteous people in Sodom, I will save the whole place for their sake.” But the One who spoke and brought the world into being already knew full well that if there were even three or five righteous people in Sodom, it would have been saved. Yet the Holy Blessed One waited until Abraham finished talking, and only afterward replied, as it says (Genesis 18:33), “When the Eternal had finished speaking to Abraham, He departed…” (as if the Eternal had said to Abraham, see, now I am released, as it says [at the end of the verse]), “…and Abraham returned to his place.”

Avot DeRabbi Natan

And he does not become agitated and respond too quickly.
This is Elihu ben Berakhel HaBuzi, as it says (Job 32:7), “I said to myself: Let age speak first.” This teaches that they were sitting in silence before Job. When he would stand up, they would stand up. When he would sit down again, they would sit down again. When he ate, they would eat. When he drank, they would drink. Finally, he asked permission to speak, as it says (Job 3:1, 3), “Afterward, Job began to speak, and cursed the day of his birth.” And he said, “Perish the day on which I was born, and the night it was announced: A male has been conceived!” Perish the day that my father came to my mother and she told him: I am pregnant. And how do we know that they did not all start speaking at the same time? For it says (Job 3:2), “Job answered and said…” and then (Job 4:1), “Elifaz HaTeimani answered and said…” and then (Job 8:1), “Bildad HaShukhi answered and said…” and then (Job 11:1), “Tzofar HaNa’amati answered and said…” and then (Job. 32:6), “Elihu ben Berakhel HaBuzi answered and said….” The book lays them out one at a time (however), to let everyone know that a wise person does not speak before someone who is greater in wisdom. And does not interrupt his fellow. And does not become agitated and respond quickly.
He asks appropriately. This is Judah, as it says (Genesis 43:9), “I will pledge myself for him.”
He asks inappropriately. This is Reuben, as its says (Genesis 42:3), “Reuben said to his father: Let my two sons die!”
He speaks of first things first. This is Jacob. And some say this is Sarah.
And last things last. These are the men of Haran.
And he admits to what is true. This is Moses, as it says (Deuteronomy 5:25), “The Eternal said to me…they did well to speak thus.” So, too, did the Holy Blessed One admit to what was true, as it says (Numbers 27:7), “The daughters of Tzelophechad have spoken correctly.”