Комментарий к Завим 5:3
מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאָמְרוּ, כֹּל הַנּוֹשֵׂא וְנִשָּׂא עַל גַּבֵּי מִשְׁכָּב, טָהוֹר, חוּץ מִן הָאָדָם. כֹּל הַנּוֹשֵׂא וְנִשָּׂא עַל גַּבֵּי הַנְּבֵלָה, טָהוֹר, חוּץ מִן הַמַּסִּיט. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אַף הַנּוֹשֵׂא. כֹּל הַנּוֹשֵׂא וְנִשָּׂא עַל גַּבֵּי הַמֵּת, טָהוֹר, חוּץ מִן הַמַּאֲהִיל, וְאָדָם בִּזְמַן שֶׁהוּא מַסִּיט:
[Причина предыдущего закона] заключается в том, что все, что несет или носит предметы, на которых можно лежать, чисто, кроме человека. Все, что несет или несет труп животного, является чистым, за исключением того, что движет им. Раввин Элиэзер говорит, также тот, кто несет это. Все, что несет или переносит [человеческий] труп, является чистым, за исключением того, что затмевает его, или человека, когда он перемещает его.
Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
מפני שאמרו – that is to say, because what they said – that foods and drinks and the indirect contact for conferring ritual impurity from below underneath the lying person [on a bed] with flux/gonorrhea (i.e., the Zav) are ritually pure because of that which they said that whatever carries and is carried [on top of a bed is pure.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
Introduction
This mishnah compares how three objects, (1) something that a zav has sat or laid upon, (2) carrion and (3) a piece of a human corpse, defile without contact.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
כל הנושא – as for example, foods and drinks and indirect contact for conferring ritual impurity which are below from the lying person [on a bed] with flux/gonorrhea (i.e., the Zav) and they carry him, but they don’t touch him for there are things that interpose between them.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
Whatever carries or is carried by objects on which one sits or lies upon remain clean, except for a person. Anything that carries an object that was laid upon by a zav without touching it or is carried by it, meaning it was above and the thing the zav laid or sat upon was below, remains clean. The only exception is a person. If a person carries or is carried by something upon which a zav sat or laid, the person is impure, even if he didn't touch it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
נישא על גבי המשכב – for these are above (i.e., foods and drinks, etc.) and the unclean person lying (i.e., the Zav – the person with flux/gonorrhea) on a bed below, and it is carried upon him, but they (i.e., the objects) do not touch him, they are ritually pure.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
Whatever carries or is carried by carrion is clean, except for one that shifts it. Rabbi Eliezer says: also one that carries it. The mishnah compares this situation with that of carrion meat from an animal that had not been slaughtered properly. Whatever carries or is carried upon carrion (no pun intended, I promise) remains pure (as long as he didn't touch it). The only exception is a person who shifts the carrion. He is impure, even if he doesn't touch it. Rabbi Eliezer says that also one who carries carrion is impure, even if he didn't move it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
חוץ מן האדם – that a person who carries the unclean person (i.e., the Zav – the person with flux/gonorrhea) on a bed is defiled even though he did not touch him and did not shake/move him, because the Zav who is lying on a bed defiles through carrying, and similarly, if they placed an immovable stone used for closing a pit above from where the Zav is lying and a ritually pure person sat upon the stone, he is defiled, because he was carried on top of the bed [of a lying Zav/person with flux/gonorrhea]. In the same way as that if the Zav sat on the stone, the bed that is below from the stone is ritually defiled, so when the pure person that sat on the stone is defiled, and he is carried from the defiling bed [of the Zav] that is lying underneath it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
Whatever carries or is carried upon a corpse remains clean, except for one that overshadows, or a person when he shifts it. A corpse or piece thereof also doesn't convey impurity to someone through carrying or being carried. But it does convey impurity through overshadowing or through shifting even if the corpse has not been touched.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
כל הנושא על גבי נבילה – it is speaking/dealing with a human being, meaning to say, that any human being who carries or is placed on top of a carrion.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
טהור חוץ מן המסיט – that carries the carrion and does not move it from its place, also did not move it from its place but rather that placed it on top of him, as for example, that his friend came and placed it upon him, he is ritually pure, until he shakes/moves it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
רבי אליעזר אומר אף הנושא – in the Gemara (Tractate Hullin, folio 124b) it explains that this is what he (Rabbi Eliezer) said: “and he that carries”, meaning to say, the person who shakes/moves the carrion is not ritually impure other than when he carries it, that the carrion is above and he (i.e., the person who carries it) is below, but if the carrion is below and he is above, even though he shakes/moves it, he is ritually pure, all the while that he did not touch it. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Eliezer.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
חוץ מן המאהיל – that it is possible to be carrying [a corpse] or being carried by [a corpse] but not overshadowing it [with a tent] , as for example, an upper chamber/story forms a partition, that if the corpse is on the upper chamber/story, and foods and drinks and vessels in the house reach until the ceiling, and the planed boards are bent from the weight of the corpse and weigh down upon vessels, or the corpse is in the house adjacent to the ceiling, and the vessels in the upper chamber/story and the planed boards that are in the upper are story/chamber are bent from the weight of the vessels and weigh down upon the corpse, for in this manner, one carries and is carried by on top of the corpse but does not overshadow, and is pure.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
ואדם בזמן שהוא מסיא – whether he carries the corpse or whether he is carried on top of the corpse, he is ritually pure, even though it (i.e., the corpse) did not touch him, but if the corpse does not move from its place as there is no shaking/movement here, he is ritually pure.
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