Тот, кто касается [мертвого] шереца [ползучего животного], или спермы, или приобрел нечистоту трупа или прокаженного в течение его дней счета или воды [смешанной с пеплом] [красной телицы] жертвы за грех, которой было недостаточно для окропления или трупа животного или предмета, на который на него ездят, он становится нечистым на одном [уровне] и дисквалифицирует [терумах] на одном [еще одном уровне]. Это общий принцип, любой, кто касается чего-либо, что согласно Торе имеет первичную нечистоту, делает нечистым на одном [уровне] и дисквалифицирует [терумах] на одном [уровне больше], за исключением [трупа] человека. Если он отделил себя [от источника нечистоты], он станет нечистым на одном [уровне] и непригодным [терумах] на одном [еще одном уровне].
Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
ובנבילה ובמרכב – all of these are through carrying alone that they defile clothing, but not through touching/coming into contact. Therefore, a person who touches them even though he did not separate is not other than first-degree of Levitical impurity, and he defiles one (making non-holy produce second-degree of ritual impurity) and invalidates/makes unfit one (i.e., heave offering becomes unfit as it becomes third-degree of ritual impurity).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
He who touches a dead sheretz, or semen, or he that has suffered corpse uncleanness, or a metzora during his days of counting, or hatat waters of insufficient quantity with which to perform the sprinkling, or carrion, or an object ridden upon [by a zav], defiles at one [remove] and disqualifies [terumah] at one [more remove]. All of these substances are "fathers of impurity." One who touches one of them contracts first degree impurity. This same list was mostly found in Kelim 1:1, so one can find a more detailed explanation there. They also defile only by contact and not by carrying. Finally, none of these says that the person must wash his clothes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
כל הנוגע- as for example food and vessels, for even with those that a person touches defiles two and invalidates/makes unfit one vessels that touch them defile one and invalidate one, and even at the time of their contact/touching.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
This is the general principle: anyone who touches anything that according to the Torah is a "father of uncleanness" defiles at one [remove] and disqualifies [terumah] at one [more remove], except [for the corpse] of a human. The only exception to this general rule is one who touches a dead body. Such a person is a "father of impurity" and therefore defiles at two removes and disqualifies terumah at one additional remove.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
חוץ מן האדם – that there is from them that if he touched them or carried, that he (as he is first-degree of ritual defilement) defiles two (making non-holy produce second-degree of ritual defilement) and invalidates one (making priest’s due/heave offering third degree of ritual impurity), like those that we stated above.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
If he had become separated, he defiles at one [remove] and renders [terumah] unfit at one [more remove]. In all of these cases, once he separates from the source of impurity he has "first degree impurity." This is true even if the source of impurity was a dead body. Since he has separated from it, his impurity is reduced.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
פירש – even a person, in all of them he defiles one (as he is first-degree of ritual impurity, making non-holy produce second degree of ritual impurity) and invalidates one (priest’s due/heave offering becoming unfit for use), for since he separated from it, he is not other than first-degree of ritual impurity.
