Комментарий к Техарот 8:2
הַמַּפְקִיד כֵּלִים אֵצֶל עַם הָאָרֶץ, טְמֵאִים טְמֵא מֵת וּטְמֵאִין מִדְרָס. אִם מַכִּירוֹ שֶׁהוּא אוֹכֵל בַּתְּרוּמָה, טְהוֹרִין מִטְּמֵא מֵת, אֲבָל טְמֵאִין מִדְרָס. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, אִם מָסַר לוֹ תֵבָה מְלֵאָה בְגָדִים, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהִיא רוֹצֶצֶת, טְמֵאִין מִדְרָס. אִם אֵינָהּ רוֹצֶצֶת, טְמֵאִין מַדָּף, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַמַּפְתֵּחַ בְּיַד הַבְּעָלִים:
Тот, кто оставляет сосуды под присмотром ам-гаарец , считается, что они нечисты с примесью мертвого тела и с примесью мидр [тип нечистоты из-за того, что на них сидят некоторые виды нечистых людей, что делает его источником примесей. Если он [ am ha'aretz ] знает, что он [владелец сосудов] - тот, кто ест терумах , они чисты от нечистоты мертвого тела, но они все еще нечисты нечистотой мидр . Раввин Йосе говорит: если он дал ему сундук, полный одежды, если он был полон, они нечистые с примесью мидр , если он не был полон [а скорее был свободно упакован], то они нечисты с примесью мадафа [меньший тип примеси который может загрязнять только пищу и жидкости], даже если ключ остается у владельца.
Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
המפקיד כלים אצל עם הארץ טמאים טמא מת – and requiring sprinkling on the third and seventh days (see Numbers 19:19).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Tahorot
Introduction
Today's mishnah is about a person who deposits vessels with an am haaretz. What kind of impurity do we assume that these vessels have contracted?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
אם מכירו – if the commoner recognizes the depositor that he is a Kohen who consumes heave-offering/priest’s due, he is careful regarding his deposit that it will not be defiled by a corpse, and it doesn’t require sprinkling [on the third and seventh days].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Tahorot
One who deposited vessels with an am haaretz they are unclean with corpse uncleanness and with midras uncleanness. The person who gave over his vessels (this term can include clothes and other items) to an am haaretz must suspect that they have become defiled with corpse uncleanness, which would make them unclean for seven days. He must also treat the clothes as if they have midras uncleanness, which is the uncleanness caused when a zav, zavah or niddah sit or apply pressure on a vessel. Something that has midras uncleanness defiles another person even if it is carried and not touched. Thus the law is stringent in both the length of the impurity and the manner in which the object defiles.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
אבל טמאים מדרס – because his wife is a menstruating woman, lest she sat upon them, for he is not careful from the defilement of his wife.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Tahorot
If he knew that he eats terumah, they are free from corpse uncleanness but are unclean with midras uncleanness. If the am haaretz knows that the person who deposited the clothes (or other vessels with him) is one who eats terumah, then we can assume that the am haaretz would be careful not to contract corpse impurity. However, his wife might have sat on the vessel or clothes while she was a niddah (a menstruant) and therefore the vessels have to be treated as if they have midras impurity. Thus we can assume that he was diligent, but not that his wife was. We should also note that once she has menstruated she will be considered a niddah until she goes to the mikveh. So if she never went to the mikveh, she wills always count as a niddah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
בזמן שהיא רוצצת (at the time when it is tightly packed) – that the covering presses the clothing on account of the fact that it is too full.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Tahorot
Rabbi Yose says: if he deposited with him a chest full of clothes, they are deemed to be unclean with midras when they are tightly packed, but if they are not tightly packed they are only unclean with madaf uncleanness, even though the key is in the possession of the owner. Rabbi Yose deals with a situation in which the depositor gives the am haaretz a chest full of clothes. If the chest is tightly packed then it is likely that someone sat on it, including the am haaretz's wife, while she was a niddah. Therefore, in this case it has to be treated as if it has midras impurity. However, if it is not full then it only has the lightest form of impurity, which is called madaf impurity. The chest and clothes will only defile food and liquids, but not other vessels or people. The clothes are defiled even if the owner retained possession of the keys to the chest. The problem is that if a niddah shifts the chest, she defiles it, even without touching the clothes. Therefore, the fact that the am haaretz and his wife could not touch the clothes does not mean that they are free of defilement.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
טמאים מדרס – the clothes [are defiled through treading]. For when his wife sits upon the box [full of clothing] or leans upon it, she weighs down upon the clothing.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
אם אינה רוצצת טמאין מדף (if it is not tightly packed, they are unclean with indirect contact for conferring ritual impurity) -meaning to say, a lighter defilement, to defile foods and liquids, like on top of a person with gonorrhea who does not defile clothing.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
אע"פ שמפתח ביד בעלים – for we are concerned lest he shook it.
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