Комментарий к Швии́т 4:7
מֵאֵימָתַי אוֹכְלִין פֵּרוֹת הָאִילָן בַּשְּׁבִיעִית, הַפַּגִּים מִשֶּׁיַּזְרִיחוּ, אוֹכֵל בָּהֶם פִּתּוֹ בַּשָּׂדֶה. בִּחֲלוּ, כּוֹנֵס לְתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. וְכֵן כַּיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם בִּשְׁאָר שְׁנֵי שָׁבוּעַ, חַיָּב בַּמַּעַשְׂרוֹת:
С каких пор можно есть фрукты в субботний год? Незрелые фиги, если они покраснели, можно есть с ними в поле. Как только они начнут созревать, можно собрать их в свой дом. А те, кто похож на них [в стадии зрелости] в другие годы [семилетнего цикла], требуют десятины.
Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
מאימתי אוכלים פירות האילן בשביעית – because we have expounded, “to eat it” and not “to become lost” and if they eat them before they ripen, that is loss.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
Introduction
Fruits that grow on their own during the sabbatical year may be eaten. However, they must be fully ripe before they can be eaten. This halakhah is derived from a midrash on Leviticus 25:7 which states, “And the fruit of the field shall be for food.” From here the rabbis derived that only when fruit has become “food” can one eat it, and not before.
Our mishnah defines how ripe a fig must be before it is eaten.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
הפגים – unripe dates, as it is written (Song of Songs 2:13): “The green figs form on the fig tree, [the vines in blossom give off fragrance].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
From when may one begin to eat of the fruit of the trees in the seventh year? With unripe figs as soon as they assume a rosy appearance, one may eat them in the field with his bread. Once they have begun to ripen, he may take them home. When figs begin to ripen and to turn red, they may be eaten in the field with bread. Since this is a normal way of eating them, they may be eaten this way during the sabbatical year. When they have more fully ripened, they may be taken home, again because this is the normal time to gather figs into one’s home.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
משהזריחו – they redden and this is the beginning of their ripening.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
And similarly in the other years of the sabbatical cycle [when this latter stage has been reached] they are subject to tithes. Fruit is not liable to be tithed until it has ripened. So figs are not liable to be tithed until they have ripened, the time when one would bring them into one’s home. However, on the sabbatical year itself one need not tithe them at all because all produce is ownerless and ownerless produce need not be tithed. Thus there are no tithes during the sabbatical year.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
אוכל בהם פתו בשדה – but to gather and to bring them into his house, he is not allowed until they should complete [their ripening].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
בחלו – that it grew a great deal, and similar to it (Zechariah 11:8): “and they in turn were disgusted with me.” But in the Jerusalem [Talmud] it derives it from (Leviticus 25:7): “[and your cattle and the beasts in your land] may eat all its yield,” and it is written (Leviticus 25:12): “you may only eat the growth directly from the field,” with two grains the Biblical verse speaks – one from the house and the other from the field.
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