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עַד אֵימָתַי נִקְרְאוּ נְטִיעוֹת. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אוֹמֵר, עַד שֶׁיָּחֹלּוּ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, בַּת שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, נְטִיעָה כִשְׁמָהּ. אִילָן שֶׁנִּגְמַם וְהוֹצִיא חֲלִיפִין, מִטֶּפַח וּלְמַטָּה כִּנְטִיעָה, מִטֶּפַח וּלְמַעְלָה, כְּאִילָן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן:
Как долго их называют саженцами? Раввин Элазар бен Азария говорит, пока они не станут священными. Раввин Иегошуа говорит, что [пока им не исполнится] семь лет. Рабби Акива говорит, что саженец похож на его имя. Дерево, которое было срублено и произвело ветви - [если оно было срублено] ниже, чем ширина руки, подобно дереву, а выше, чем ширина руки, как дерево, - это слова раввина Шимона.
Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
עד שיחולו – until they go out to be unconsecrated produce in the fourth year through redemption, and if he did not redeem them in the fourth year until they became unconsecrated produce on their own in the fifth year.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
Introduction
In the previous mishnah we learned that saplings may be plowed up until Rosh Hashanah. Our mishnah defines up until what point a tree is a sapling sort of like asking, when is the bar mitzvah for a tree?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
נטיעה בשמה – one year old it is called a young tree, and not further. A nother explanation: [The word] "כשמה"/according to its [common] meaning – all the while that people call it a young tree, they don’t call it "אילן"/a tree. And the Halakha is according to Rabbi Akiva.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
Up until when are they called saplings?
Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah says: until they are permitted for common use. According to Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah, the tree is considered a sapling as long as its fruit is forbidden to be used because it is “orlah.” The fruit of a tree cannot be eaten for the first three years of the tree’s life and in the fourth year it is sanctified and it must be brought to Jerusalem and eaten there. It doesn’t become permitted for common use until the fifth year. At that point the sapling becomes a tree, according to this opinion. Congratulations tree! We’re very proud of you.
Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah says: until they are permitted for common use. According to Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah, the tree is considered a sapling as long as its fruit is forbidden to be used because it is “orlah.” The fruit of a tree cannot be eaten for the first three years of the tree’s life and in the fourth year it is sanctified and it must be brought to Jerusalem and eaten there. It doesn’t become permitted for common use until the fifth year. At that point the sapling becomes a tree, according to this opinion. Congratulations tree! We’re very proud of you.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
שנגמם – cut off
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
But Rabbi Joshua says: until they are seven years old. Rabbi Joshua says that the tree must be seven years old before it is no longer a sapling. The Tosefta explains that this refers to olive trees, which take longer to mature. Fig-trees are saplings until they are six, whereas the grape vine is a sapling until it is five.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
חליפין (young shoots coming out of a stump) – growth , from the language of their stump grows new shoots/regenerates.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
Rabbi Akiba says: [the word] sapling, [it goes] according to its name. Rabbi Akiba says that it depends on how people refer to the tree/sapling. If they call it a sapling, it doesn’t matter how old it is, it is still considered a sapling. And if they call it a tree, it is no longer a sapling, no matter its age.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
כנטיעה – whether regarding the matter of plowing or the matter of Orlah. An the Halakha is according to Rabbi Shimon.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
A tree which had been cut down and then produced fresh shoots: if one handbreadth or less, they are regarded as saplings, if more than a handbreadth they are regarded as trees, the words of Rabbi Shimon. If a tree has been cut down and starts to send out shoots again, it is in the category of “sapling” until the shoots are one handbreadth long. After that point, it reverts to being a tree.
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