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אֵיזֶהוּ שְׂדֵה הָאִילָן, כָּל שְׁלֹשָׁה אִילָנוֹת לְבֵית סְאָה, אִם רְאוּיִין לַעֲשׂוֹת כִּכַּר דְּבֵלָה שֶׁל שִׁשִּׁים מָנֶה בָּאִיטַלְקִי, חוֹרְשִׁים כָּל בֵּית סְאָה בִּשְׁבִילָן. פָּחוֹת מִכָּאן, אֵין חוֹרְשִׁין לָהֶן אֶלָּא מְלֹא הָאוֹרֶה וְסַלּוֹ חוּצָה לוֹ:
Что считается фруктовым садом? Любое [поле, в котором по крайней мере] три дерева на Бейт-Сеа [площадь земли, достаточно большая, чтобы засеять зерном Сеа ]. Если они в состоянии произвести блок прессованных фигов из шестидесяти итальянских маней [специфических единиц веса], можно пахать весь Бейт Сеа за их счет. Меньше, чем это, можно только вспахать для них область [которая должна была бы быть] заполнена собирателем с его корзиной рядом с ним.
Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
לבית סאה – land which is fifty cubits by fifty cubits (i.e., a cubit is a measure equal to the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle-finger).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
Introduction
In yesterday’s mishnah we learned up until what point before the sabbatical year one may plow an orchard. Today we learn how many trees in a field are necessary for it to be considered an orchard. If it is not considered an orchard, then they will have to stop plowing the field at an earlier point in the year.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
ככר דבלה – the dry figs are made by with a press similar to a loaf of bread which are called a cake of pressed figs.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
What constitutes an orchard? Any field in which there are at least three trees for every bet seah. A bet seah is 2500 square cubits. If there are three trees in a field this size, then the bet seah can be treated as an orchard.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
באיטלקי – in the Italian Maneh (= 25 Selah) of Greece and since it was such in the days of Moses, we estimate by it and Maneh is one-hundred Denarim and the Denar is six Maot and the weight of each M’ah is sixteen intermediate-sized hairs/panacles.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
If each tree is capable of yielding a cake of pressed figs, the size of sixty in the Italian maneh, then the entire bet seah may be plowed for their sake. The three trees that constitute this orchard must each be able to produce a cake of pressed figs the size of sixty Italian manehs. According to commentators, this is about 24kg. If these two criteria are filled, than they may plow the entire bet seah until Shavuot, since the plowing of the entire field benefits all the trees.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
פחות מכאן – from a cake of sixty Maneh we do not plow the entire field requiring one Seah of seed other than under the tree alone, or outside of it, as much as its light and its basket that collects figs is called “its light” (??chaff) like one who harvests dates and cuts grapes.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
If less than this amount, they may only plow the area that is occupied by the gatherer when his basket is placed behind him. However, if there are fewer trees or they produce less fruit, then they may plow only around those trees. The space they may plow is the size of a fruit-gatherer and his basket, as he walks around the tree. The rest of the field has more stringent rules, those which apply to a grain field, which may only be plowed until Pesah, as we shall see in chapter two below.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
וסלו – the basket into which he places what he picks and the rest of the field is considered a bright, shade-less field and we don’t plow it other than until Passover.
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