Авота Мелахота сорок сорок один: сеять, пахать [причина, по которой нас не учат сначала «пахать», а затем «сеять» в обычном порядке, состоит в том, что если почва была твердой, то он пахал и сеял и затем снова вспаханный, он несет ответственность за вторую вспашку по причине «вспашки». Сбор урожая [Тот, кто собирает посеянное, и тот, кто собирает (плоды) деревьев, несет ответственность по причине «сбора урожая»], складывать [собирать растения, которые были выкорчеваны и складывать их в одном месте], молотить, веять [с веером лопатой на ветру], отделять [мякину руками или ситом], измельчать, просеивать [сифтером. Хотя все это имеет один конец— отделить нежелательные вещества от пищи —потому что все они получены в святилище, даже если они похожи друг на друга, каждый из них указан отдельно. Или потому, что они происходят не в одно и то же время, а один за другим.], Месить, выпекать [Это не получалось в святилище, выпекать получать только с буханкой, что не относится к работе святилища , Но наша Танна перечисляет порядок (подвигов заранее) (выпечки) буханки; и приготовление пищи, подобно выпечке, получалось в святилище с красителями для голубой, пурпурной и червленой пряжи. И тот, кто ставит горшок или ставит крышку на горшок, стоящий на огне, преступает по причине «приготовления пищи». И все вышеупомянутые подвиги Мишны: посев, сбор урожая, обмолот и т. Д.—все полученные с помощью (подготовки) красителей для работы в святилище.], стрижка шерсти [и все связанные с ней труды получают с помощью голубой шерсти в работе святилища], отбеливание ее [т.е. очистка ее в реке. ], избивая его [палкой, или иначе, расчесывая его гребнем], крася, вращая, сжимая (нити основы), делая две петли [, пропуская две нити в петлю], разделяя две нити [т.е. удаление нитей лава из основы или наоборот для плетения], связывание и развязывание [Ловушки хилазона, из которых был изготовлен синий краситель, завязывались и развязывались. Ибо иногда им приходилось брать нитки из одной сети, чтобы прикрепить их к другой, отстегивая от одной и привязывая к другой], шить две строчки [и связывать их; ибо если он не связывает их, они не держатся. И он несет двойную ответственность за «завязывание» и «зашивание», разрывая, чтобы сшить [Разрыв также получен (в святилище) со шторами. Ибо, если занавес был съеден моли с небольшим круглым отверстием, необходимо было разорвать отверстие вверх и вниз, чтобы шитье не вызывало складок.], Охота на оленя [Вся работа его шкуры (в святилище) со шкурами т'хасима], солят его, обрабатывают его шкуру [Вопросы гемары: разве соление и обработка не одно и то же? И он отвечает: достаньте один и вставьте «отслеживание» (контуры для резки на шкурах), отслеживание того, чтобы быть одним из мелахота авота, потирая его [соскребая его волосы], обрезая его [обрезая и обрезая его для ремней и сандалий] писать две буквы, стирая, чтобы написать две буквы [Это получено в святилище. Они будут отмечать доски, чтобы соответствовать им, писать письмо на одной и на другой; а иногда они ошибались и стирали их.], строили, сносили, тушили [огонь под чаном с красителем], зажигали (тот огонь), ударяли молотом [после завершения труда. Ибо ремесленник бьет по наковальне в конце родов. И есть ответственность за нанесение удара молотком только по завершении труда.], Переход от одного домена к другому. Это авот мелахот—сорок меньше одного. [Количество в начале— "Авот мелахот сорок сорок один" —хотя каждый труд упоминается индивидуально, он сообщает нам, что даже если человек совершил все труды в мире в одну субботу за один (период) забвения, он не может нести ответственность за более чем сорок приношений за грех. Ибо обо всех других делах говорится об этих авотах, чтобы он мог совершить ав и его рассказы, за которые он будет нести ответственность только за одну жертву за грех.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
הזורע החורש - the fact that “ploughing” is not taught at the beginning and the Mishnah and afterwards “sowing” like the way of the whole world is to inform us that if the land was hard and they ploughed and then sewed and then afterwards ploughed, he is liable for the second ploughing because of “ploughing.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
Introduction This mishnah lists the thirty-nine primary labors. As can be easily seen there are three main lists in the mishnah: 1) the work involved in baking bread; 2) the work involved in making clothing; 3) the work involved in writing. These are the first three lists. The fourth section contains six more labors that are also prohibited but do not easily fit into the other lists. The Talmud states that these labors were all learned from the juxtaposition of the laws of building the Tabernacle with the prohibition of work on Shabbat (Exodus 31:35). Since the Torah had to state not to break Shabbat to build the Temple, it must be that any work which was done in building the Temple is prohibited on Shabbat. Much of the rest of the tractate will explain these labors, so we will be brief here.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
הקוצר – seeds and one gleans/harvests the trees, he is liable because of “reaping.” (Tractate Shabbat 73 b).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
The primary labors are forty less one: sowing, plowing, reaping, binding sheaves, threshing, winnowing, selecting, grinding, sifting, kneading, baking, These are the labors involved in making bread, from the beginning to the very end. Personally, I am happy that for me baking bread involves going to the store, plunking down a few shekels and taking a loaf home.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
המעמר – collecting detached seeds and collects them in one place.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
shearing wool, bleaching, hackling, dyeing, spinning, weaving, the making of two loops, weaving two threads, dividing two threads, tying and untying, sewing two stitches, tearing in order to sew two stitches, These are all of the labors involved in making clothing. One interesting thing to note is that many commentators hold that tearing is prohibited only if the tear is made in order to sew new stitches. Only constructive, purposeful work is prohibited “deoraita” on Shabbat. Tearing in a destructive manner with no other purpose is still prohibited but only “derabbanan” a rabbinic prohibition. “Hackling” refers to separating strands of wool.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
הזורה – passing through to the wind.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
capturing a deer, slaughtering, or flaying, or salting it, curing its hide, scraping it [of its hair], cutting it up, writing two letters, erasing in order to write two letters [over the erasure], These are the labors involved in writing a scroll. Most of the work is making the parchment on which to write the scroll.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
הבורר – the refuse in his hand or in the basket used as a sieve.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
building, tearing down, extinguishing, kindling, striking with a hammer, These are all labors which are involved in building and in creating the material needed to build. We should make a couple of important notes. Tearing down is only considered a primary labor if it is performed with the intent of rebuilding. Extinguishing is also only prohibited deoraita if it makes charcoal (like extinguishing a candle.) “Striking with a hammer” is sort of a code-name for the completion of any piece of work. When finished with a metal project the silversmith would strike it with a hammer to complete it. That is why it is called “striking with a hammer.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
והמרקד – in a winnow/sieve, and even though that they are similar to each other, each one is considered separately; alternatively, they are not at the same time, but rather one after another.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
[and] carrying out from one domain to another, These are the forty primary labors less one. Carrying from one domain to another is a labor unlike any of the others for instead of altering the nature of an object, it alters its location.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
והאופה – there was no [baking] in the Tabernacle for there is no baking other than with bread and bread does not belong in the labors of the Tabernacle but rather, it (i.e., the Mishnah) taught that the arrangement of bread was taken; however, cooking which is considered like the [forbidden] labor of baking was in the Tabernacle with the spices of the color of bluish, purple-dye and scarlet-dyed. If he stirs the pot and places a covering on top of the pot that is standing on the fire, he is liable because of [the prohibition of] cooking and all of these above are considered in our Mishnah: “One who sews, ploughs, threshes, etc., all of these are with spices of color in the building of the Tabernacle.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
הגוזז צמר – and all the rest of these labors belong with wool of blue of the labors of the Tabernacle.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
המלבנו – laundering it in the river.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
המנפצו – beat it with a rod; alternatively, comb it with a comb.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
המיסך - “ordir” in the foreign language.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
בתי נירין - takes two threads in the midst of the portion of the web produed by pasing the spool with the woof across the warp.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
הפוצע – he removes the threads of the woof that are above the warp, or the warp that are above the woof for the purpose of weaving.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
והקושר והמתיר – for such are the sides of the snail for from it they produce the bluish-dye, they tie and untie for sometimes it is necessary to take threads from this net to add on to the other and untie from here and tie there.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
והתופר – and tearing also that are in the curtain for a curtain that a moth ate and made a small and round hole must tear downwards and upwards so that the sewing of the hole does not have wrinkles/folds.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
והתופר שתי תפירות – that he tied them up, for had he not tied them, they would not exist and he would be liable for [violating] two [principal forms of labor] because of tying and because of sewing.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
הצד צבי – and all of the labors concerning its hides apply which were used to cover the Tabernacle.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
המולחו והמעבדו – The Gemara (Tractate Shabbat 75b) that salting the skin is the same as curing the skin, but they exclude one of them and place marking lines in its place, for placing marking lines is one of the primary prohibited forms of labor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
הממחקו – to scrape his hair.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
מחתכו – to trim and cut straps and sandals.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
וכותב ומוחק – they were in the Tabernacle that they would mark on boards to know which would be its pair and he would write a letter on this one and a letter one that one and sometimes he would err and erase it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
מכבה ומבעיר – with fire that was under the symbols of the scholars.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
מכה בפטיש – the completion of work for so the artisan strikes the block with the completion of the work and the striking with a hammer is not liable until the end of the work [has been reached]. But the number of the first teacher of the Mishnah who counts primary forms of work as forty minus one, even though he returns and considers each one individually comes to teach us that even if a person did all the work in the world on one Shabbat in one act of forgetfulness, it is impossible that he would be liable for more than forty sin-offerings for all of them the rest of the labors are derivatives to these primary forms of work and it is found that he performs a primary form of work and its derivative and is not liable for anything other than one.
