Разрешается извлекать пользу из хамелеца язычника, через которого прошел Песах. [Это не значит, что есть это запрещено—но так как этому следует учить: «и извлекать выгоду из того, что приносит израильтянин, запрещено», то в отношении язычника утверждается антитезис. Или же, поскольку есть некоторые, которые запрещают себе хлеб язычника, прямо не сказано: «Разрешается есть хамец язычника».]; Запрещается извлекать выгоду из благодати израильтянина, когда написано (Исход 13: 7): «Сеор (закваска) не увидится вам». [То есть его наказывают за то, что он преступил: «Сеора не увидят». Или же, это относится к началу, а именно: «Хамец язычнику разрешен», где написано: «Сеора не увидят», что разъясняется: что твое, ты не видишь , но вы можете увидеть, что такое язычник.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Pesachim
מותר בהנאה – that is not to say that regarding eating it is forbidden, but since the Mishnah needs to teach the concluding statement [concerning Hametz] of an Israelite is forbidden to derive benefit [from it], the Tanna/teacher [of our Mishnah] taught concerning that of a heathen that is permissible to derive benefit of [his Hametz/leavened product]. Because of this, it is not taught explicitly that the leavened products of a heathen are permissible to eat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Pesachim
Introduction
This mishnah and tomorrow’s mishnah complete the chronologically ordered discussion about removing chametz. (In chapter three the mishnah will discuss what exactly chametz is, and which chametz must be removed.) While we were previously discussing the day before Pesah, these mishnayot skip ahead until after Pesah and rule what is to be done with chametz that was not destroyed before Pesah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Pesachim
משום שנאמר לא יראה לך – that is to say, we subject him to a fine , for since he violated [the precept] “that it should not be seen with you.” Alternatively, it refers to the first section [of the Mishnah], that the Hametz/leavened products of a heathen is permissible [to derive benefit] because it says, “it should not be seen with you,” and we explain that “yours” one cannot see, but you may see that [Hametz] of others.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Pesachim
Chametz which belongs to a gentile over which Pesach has passed is permitted for benefit; A Jew may eat chametz that a gentile owned on Pesah since there is no prohibition for a gentile to own chametz on Pesah. The phrase “over which Pesah has passed” means that the chametz existed during Pesah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Pesachim
But that of an Israelite is forbidden for benefit, as it is said, “No leavened bread shall be found with you.” However, a Jew may not eat or derive any benefit from chametz that any Jew (himself or other) owned over Pesah. Practically this is a very significant issue in the modern world. If a store owned by a Jew does not either get rid of or sell its chametz before Pesah a Jew may not eat that chametz even after Pesah. In Israel restaurants and food stores hang up signs which guarantee that they have sold their chametz before Pesah. The midrash at the end of this mishnah presents the prohibition for possessing chametz. According to the Talmud, since the Jew did not get rid of his chametz before Pesah, he is punished and it becomes for him or any other Jew to derive benefit from it every again.
