Комментарий к Охолот 8:5
אֵלּוּ לֹא מְבִיאִין וְלֹא חוֹצְצִין. הַזְּרָעִים וְהַיְרָקוֹת הַמְחֻבָּרִים לַקַּרְקַע, חוּץ מִן הַיְרָקוֹת שֶׁמָּנוּ, וְכִפַּת הַבָּרָד, וְהַשֶּׁלֶג, וְהַכְּפוֹר, וְהַגְּלִיד, וְהַמֶּלַח, וְהַדּוֹלֵג מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם, וְהַקּוֹפֵץ מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם, וְהָעוֹף הַפּוֹרֵחַ, וְטַלִּית הַמְנַפְנֶפֶת, וּסְפִינָה שֶׁהִיא שָׁטָה עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם. קָשַׁר אֶת הַסְּפִינָה בְּדָבָר שֶׁהוּא יָכוֹל לְהַעֲמִידָהּ, כָּבַשׁ אֶת הָאֶבֶן עַל גַּבֵּי הַטַּלִּית, מְבִיאָה אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, הַבַּיִת שֶׁבַּסְּפִינָה אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה:
Следующее не распространяется и не блокирует: семена и растения, прикрепленные к земле, за исключением ранее перечисленных растений, град, снег, мороз, лед, соль, [животное], которое пропускает из одного места в другое, [человек] который прыгает с одного места на другое, птица, которая летит, одежда, которая хлопает, и корабль, который плывет по поверхности воды. Если корабль был привязан к чему-то, что могло его удерживать, или он давил камень поверх одежды, он мог распространять нечистоту. Раввин Йоси говорит, что дом на корабле не распространяет нечистоты.
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
ירקות שמנו – those that are taught in the Mishnah at the beginning of this chapter (Mishnah 1), The lily with the aromatic root/אירוס, and the ivy and the vegetables of ass-herbs and Greek gourd. And these are when attached, for if they are detached, if they became susceptible to receive ritual impurity, they don’t interpose, for something that is susceptible to receive ritual impurity does not interpose in the face of defilement. But if they were among those that were not susceptible, that is pure foods.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
Today's mishnah discusses things that act neither to bring uncleanness nor as a barrier for it, even if they are found in a position of overshadowing.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
כפת הברד (hailstones) – a piece of the hail. It is the language of (Psalms 147:17): “He tosses down hail like crumbs.” Alternatively, hail that is made like an arch.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
The following neither bring [impurity] nor protect against it:
Seeds, plants [still] attached to the ground, except for the plants mentioned above, Plants (this doesn't include trees) attached to the ground generally do not act as ohalot to bring impurity or protect against it. The exceptions were the very leafy plants mentioned in 8:1. We should note that this is all in reference to plants attached to the ground. Once detached from the ground plants can, under certain circumstances, act as an ohel.
Seeds, plants [still] attached to the ground, except for the plants mentioned above, Plants (this doesn't include trees) attached to the ground generally do not act as ohalot to bring impurity or protect against it. The exceptions were the very leafy plants mentioned in 8:1. We should note that this is all in reference to plants attached to the ground. Once detached from the ground plants can, under certain circumstances, act as an ohel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
והכפור(frost) – water that flows/runs and comes down when it is frozen.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
A lump of hail, snow, frost, ice and salt. All of these items cannot act as an ohel because they melt. The salt will crumble when rained upon.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
גליד – the frozen water of rivers (i.e., ice).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
[Anything] that hops from one place to another, or leaps from one place to another, a flying bird. Animals or people that are moving do not form an ohel. To "overshadow" the living thing must be stationary.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
והמלח – all of these they don’t bring and they don’t interpose. Because they melt and do not endure.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
A loosely-flapping garment, or a ship floating [freely] on the water. A ship or garment that is moving around also does not act as an ohel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
דולג (which hops/skips) – animals and wild life, and jump at humans. But there are those who say, that hopping and jumping – both of them refer to humans, but rather hopping where his one foot is placed on the ground and he hops with the second; and jumps, with both feet.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
If the ship were tied with something that can keep it steady, or a stone were [placed so as] to hold down the garment, it can bring uncleanness. Once the ship is tied down so that it doesn't move around, or the garment is held down by a stone, it can again act as an ohel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
וטלית המפנפת (a sheet suspended as a banner) – that when the wind waves it and it stands in the air like an arched compartment.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
Rabbi Yose says: a house on a ship cannot bring uncleanness. Although relative to the ship the house is stationary, it does not act as an ohel if the ship is moving. Another interpretation is that Rabbi Yose is referring to a make shift sort of house, one that will be uprooted by a common wind. Since such a house will not last long, it does not act as an ohel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
כבש את האבן על גבי הטלית (presses the stone on top of the cloak) – that there was a stone placed on one end of the cloak and the wind blew the second end and it became like a kind of tent.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
מביאה את הטומאה – if it overshadowed over the corpse or on vessels, it brings the defilement o the vessels.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
הבית שבספינה – as for example, that the house at the top of a ship and it overshadows on the vessels that are on the ship and on the corpse that is in the sea at the time that it is travelling. Another explanation, the house that is on the ship and it is not able to withstand the wind that is found, and even if it overshadowed on the corpse and the vessels that are on the ship do not bring the defilement, and it is not considered a tent. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yossi.
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