Комментарий к Охолот 7:1
הַטֻּמְאָה בַכֹּתֶל, וּמְקוֹמָהּ טֶפַח עַל טֶפַח עַל רוּם טֶפַח, כָּל הָעֲלִיּוֹת שֶׁעַל גַּבָּהּ, אֲפִלּוּ הֵן עֶשֶׂר, טְמֵאוֹת. הָיְתָה עֲלִיָּה אַחַת עַל גַּבֵּי שְׁנֵי בָתִּים, הִיא טְמֵאָה, וְכָל הָעֲלִיּוֹת שֶׁעַל גַּבָּהּ, טְהוֹרוֹת. כֹּתֶל שָׁנִית, טֻמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת. נֶפֶשׁ אֲטוּמָה, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ מִן הַצְּדָדִין, טָהוֹר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁטֻּמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת. אִם הָיָה מְקוֹם הַטֻּמְאָה טֶפַח עַל טֶפַח עַל רוּם טֶפַח, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ מִכָּל מָקוֹם, טָמֵא, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא כְקֶבֶר סָתוּם. סָמַךְ לָהּ סֻכּוֹת, טְמֵאוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְטַהֵר:
Если в стене была нечистота, а ее место было шириной ладони на ширину ладони, то все верхние истории, которые выше нее, даже если их было десять, нечисты. Если над двумя домами была одна верхняя история, то она нечиста, а все верхние истории над ней чисты. Вторая стена, примесь проникает и уходит, проникает и опускается. Твердый могильный камень, если кто-то касается его со стороны, он чист, потому что примесь проникает и поднимается, проникает и опускается. Если местом нечистоты была ширина руки по ширине руки по высоте, то тот, кто касается ее в любом месте, нечист, потому что он подобен запечатанной могиле. Если он поддерживал эти киоски, они нечисты, но рабби Иегуда объявляет [их] чистыми.
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
הטומאה. שעל גבה -that are on top of the wall.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
Introduction
We have learned on several occasions that if a source of corpse impurity is found in a space that has one cubic handbreadth of open air, it is as if the impurity is trapped in a grave and it spreads upward and downward, defiling anything above it or below it. It also spreads to the sides. However, if it is trapped in a smaller space, the impurity does not spread to the sides and can only travel directly above and below.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
טמאות – for the wall serves them, and the heads of he beams of the upper room are inserted/stuck in the wall and he wall is high and it is a partition for all of the upper rooms for this one is higher than that one. And especially when the place of defilement is a handbreadth by a handbreadth, for all of the wall is considered like a sealed grave and it brings the defilement to all of the upper rooms. But the wall is not judged half by half because it doesn’t have even a chip/split to the side of the upper room.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
If there is uncleanness in a wall, in a space of one cubic handbreadth, all upper stories above it, even if there are ten of them, are unclean. If there is a space of one cubic handbreadth in a wall that serves multiple stories of a house, then the impurity found in it will rise and spread and it will defile everything found in all of the stories. However, if the space was less than a cubic handbreadth, the impurity rises and descends but only directly above or below it. It will not defile the entire contents of all of the upper stories, because the impurity will not spread to the sides.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
עליה אחת בנויה על גבי שני בתים – [that this wall forms a partition between the two houses] and he upper room is built on top of both of them (i.e., the houses).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
If there was a single upper story [built] over two houses, that one becomes unclean but all upper stories above it remain clean. In this case, the wall was built to support one large upper story that was built over two houses, which are also separated by the wall. Above that upper story are more stories. In this case, the impurity defiles the contents of the large story that is directly above the wall. However the ceiling of the first upper story blocks the impurity from continuing to defile the stories above.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
היא טמאה – the first upper room, that this wall reaches until the concrete of stone chippings covering the ceiling of the lower story and serving as a flooring for the upper story but the defilement bursts forth and ascends in it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
[In a] beach- wall, uncleanness cleaves upwards and downward. The word that I have translated as "beach-wall" is obscure and Albeck even goes so far as to state that we don't really know what it means. Some commentators interpret it to mean "beach-wall" which is a wall of sand brought up by the sea. The impurity found in this wall cleaves upward and downward, but it doesn't spread to the sides since it is sealed into a space less than one cubic handbreadth.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
וכל העליות שעל גבה טהורות – for the concrete of stone chippings covering the ceiling of the lower story and serving as flooring for the upper story/מעזיבה that is upon it interposes.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
[With regard to] a solid tomb monument, a person who touches it from the side remains clean, since [its] uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards. But if there was a [free] space of a cubic handbreadth in the place where the uncleanness was, a person touching it anywhere becomes unclean, because it is like a closed grave. The solid tomb monument is placed over a sealed grave. Since there is no free space in the monument, it seals up the impurity and it doesn't spread to the sides. It only spreads upwards and downwards. However, if there is a free space of a cubic handbreadth, then it is like the situation where the impurity is found in a closed grave. In such a situation the person need not be directly above the impurity to be defiled.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
כותל השונית – a wall that is built in the place that sea reaches at the time that it continually stirs up.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
If he supported sukkot on [the monument] they become unclean. Rabbi Judah declares them clean. This section refers back to the situation in the beginning of section four, where the monument was solid. According to the sages, if one uses this monument to support sukkot (booths, not necessarily for the Festival of Sukkot) then the booths are impure because they are like an ohel over the monument. Rabbi Judah says that since one who touches the monument from the side is pure, these sukkot are also pure.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
טומאה בוקעת ועולה – if there is defilement underneath it, this wall does not defile all of its surroundings, because there is no cavity of a handbreadth.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
נפש אטומה (a solid tomb-structure – to which there is no access) -a marker that they build on the grave to indicate the neighborhood of an unclean place, and that which is filled up is built upon the defilement itself but the corpse is not buried in bier in order that there will have a cavity of a handbreadth.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
כקבר סתום – that defiles all of its surroundings through contact.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
סמך לה סוכות – it refers to the solid tomb-structure/נפש אטומה referred to above, that we state that a person who comes in contact with it from the sides is ritually pure, but if he made for this marking put up to indicate the neighborhood of an unclean place Sukkot similar to a lintel, this Sukkah is impure, because it is similar to the tent of a corpse.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
ור' יהודה מטהר – since it is from the sides. Bu the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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