Комментарий к Меила 4:2

Introduction Today’s mishnah deals with which parts of a sacrifice combine to make one liable for either sacrilege, or piggul, notar or defilement. If a person eats a little of this part and a little of that part, when does he become liable.

חמשה דרים בעולה מצטרפים זה עם זה – to an olive’s bulk, to make one liable because of offering them outside the Temple courtyard, and to make one liable because of offerings disqualified by inappropriate intention, and remnant and [ritual] impurity, and for religious sacrilege if he benefitted from all of them the equivalent of a penny.

Five things in an olah combine with one another: the flesh, the fat, the fine flour, the wine and the oil. The fine flour, the wine and the oil all accompany the olah, the whole-burnt offering. If one eats less than a perutah’s worth of meat, for instance, and less than a perutah’s worth of oil, but together they are worth a perutah, he has committed sacrilege. If he eats them and together they constitute an olive’s worth, and they were piggul, notar or defiled, he has transgressed the prohibition.

והסולת – the meal offering that comes with the burnt offering.

And six in a todah: the flesh, the fat, the fine flour, the wine, the oil and the bread. There is one more element when it comes to the todah that doesn’t exist for the olah the loaves that accompany it. These also join with the other parts of the sacrifice. We should note that since the todah (thanksgiving offering) is a sacrifice of lesser holiness, it is not subject to the laws of sacrilege. The six things join together to make one liable for piggul, notar or defilement.

והיין – for the libations, for the burnt offering requires a meal-offering and libations.

Terumah, terumah of the tithe, terumah of the tithe separated from demai, hallah and first-fruits combine with one another to make up the size required to render other things forbidden and to be liable for the payment of a fifth. The items listed here, which I will explain shortly, join together to render other things forbidden, if enough of them fall into non-sacred things. For instance, if a small amount of terumah oil and a small amount of hallah dough are mixed together and together they constitute a seah then fall into less than 100 seahs of hullin (non-sacred) dough, all of the dough is forbidden to non-priests (see Orlah 2:1). They also join together to make one who eats them unwittingly liable to pay back the principle and an added fifth. One is liable for the added fifth only if he eats an olive’s worth of holy things (see Bava Metzia 4:8). I shall now briefly explain what each is. Terumah: taken from produce and given to the priest. Terumah of tithe: the Levite gives one tenth of his tithe to the priest as terumah. Demai is the tithe separated from produce bought from someone who might not have already tithed it. Terumah is then taken from this demai. Hallah: separated from dough and given to the priest. Bikkurim: first-fruits, also considered to be holy.

וששה בתודה – for the offering of thanksgiving requires bread added to the five things that are associated with the burnt-offering (i.e., meat, fat, fine flour, wine and oil). But all of them combine up to an olive’s bulk for offerings disqualified by inappropriate intention, and remnant and ritual impurity, but not for religious sacrilege, for the thanksgiving offering and the Lesser Holy Things do not have religious sacrilege, as is taught at the end of the first chapter [of Tractate Meilah, Mishnah 4).

התרומה ותרומת מעשר – which is one one-hundredth of unconsecrated produce, and similarly, the tenth of the tenth of Demai/doubtfully tithed produce (see parallel text found in Tractate Orlah, Chapter 2, Mishnah 1).

והחלה – for even it is called Terumah/heave-offering, as it is written (Numbers 15:20): “as the first yield of your baking, you shall set aside a loaf as a gift.”

וביכורים – they are called Terumah/heave-offering, as the Master stated: (Deuteronomy 12:17): “or of your contributions”/"ותרומת ידך" – these are the first fruits, as it is written regarding them (Deuteronomy 26:4): “The priest shall take the basket from your hand [and set it down in from of the altar of the LORD your God].” (see Talmud Meilah 15b and Makkot 17a and parallels)

מצטרפים זה עם זה לאסור – that if [one part of] leaven fell from all of them in order to make leavened bread within the started dough of unconcentrated produce [of ninety-nine parts], it is forbidden.

ולחייב עליהן את החומש – he who eats from all of them inadvertently an olive’s bulk pays the one-fifth [in addition to the principal].