Комментарий к Маасро́т 4:2
תִּינוֹקוֹת שֶׁטָּמְנוּ תְאֵנִים לְשַׁבָּת, וְשָׁכְחוּ לְעַשְּׂרָן, לֹא יֹאכְלוּ לְמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת עַד שֶׁיְּעַשְּׂרוּ. כַּלְכָּלַת שַׁבָּת, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי פּוֹטְרִין וּבֵית הִלֵּל מְחַיְּבִין. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אַף הַלּוֹקֵט אֶת הַכַּלְכָּלָה לִשְׁלֹחַ לַחֲבֵרוֹ, לֹא יֹאכַל עַד שֶׁיִּתְעַשֵּׂר:
Дети, которые спрятали фиги [в поле] для Шаббата, и они забыли десятину их, их нельзя есть после Шаббата, пока они не будут десятины. В случае корзины [фруктов] для Шаббата: Дом Шаммая освобождает ее [от десятины], но Дом Гилеля требует ее [в десятинах]. Раввин Иегуда говорит: даже тот, кто собрал корзину, чтобы отправить [в подарок] своему другу, не может есть, пока он не наложит десятину.
Bartenura on Mishnah Maasrot
תינוקות שטמנו תאנים – in the field, for if it were in the house, not on Shabbat, the house would establish it [for liability] for tithing. And it (i.e., the Mishnah) took [the word] “children/תינוקות “ to inform us that they have a recognized thought-pattern through their actions.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maasrot
Introduction
The entrance of Shabbat makes produce liable for tithes. Since Shabbat is important, any eating done on Shabbat is also significant and cannot be considered “chance eating” which is exempt from tithes.
Our mishnah contains several issues related to this general rule.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maasrot
לא יאכלו למוצ"ש – for since the Sabbath established them for [liability for] tithing, it is forbidden forever until they tithe.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maasrot
Children who have hidden figs [in the field] for Shabbat and they forgot to tithe them, they must not be eaten after Shabbat until they have been tithed. The children hid the figs with the intention of eating them on Shabbat. The mishnah teaches that the figs that they set aside in order to eat on Shabbat have now become liable for tithes and cannot be eaten, even after Shabbat, without first being tithed. The important principle here is that intending to eat something on Shabbat makes it liable for tithes even if the person who had the intention was only a child. [I find this mishnah kind of cute, kids hiding figs to eat on Shabbat reminds me of hiding candy from the kids so that they won’t eat it on Shabbat].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maasrot
כלכלת שבת – a basket filled with chosen fruits designated for use on Shabbat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maasrot
In the case of a basket of fruits for Shabbat: Bet Shammai exempt it from tithes; But Bet Hillel makes it liable. This basket was set aside so that the fruit would be eaten on Shabbat. Bet Shammai holds that setting the basket aside in order for it to be eaten on Shabbat does not make the fruit liable for tithes. As long as the fruit has not yet been brought into a place that makes it liable for tithes, one can continue to eat from it without tithing. Bet Hillel accords greater power to his intent and makes him liable for tithes as soon as he sets it aside for Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maasrot
וב"ה מחייבין – [to be liable for] tithing immediately, even prior to the sabbath, for since they were designated for the Sabbath, they were established [as liable for tithing] immediately.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maasrot
Rabbi Judah says: even one who has gathered a basket of fruit to send as a present to his friend, must not eat of them, until they have been tithed. Rabbi Judah says that gathering fruit together into a basket in order to send it to a friend makes it liable for tithes, even if the basket was not meant for Shabbat. The idea is that making the food into a gift gives it importance, just as Shabbat does. Therefore, he cannot eat until he tithes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maasrot
לשלוח לחבירו – it was made iiable for setting aside of tithes immediately, and he may not eat an incidental meal until he tithes, and even if they had not been sent, because since he designated it to be sent, he is stringent upon it like with a basket designated for the Sabbath, but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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