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הוֹרוּ בֵית דִּין, וְעָשׂוּ כָל הַקָּהָל אוֹ רֻבָּן עַל פִּיהֶם, מְבִיאִין פָּר. וּבַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, מְבִיאִין פַּר וְשָׂעִיר, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שְׁבָטִים מְבִיאִין שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר פָּרִים, וּבַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, מְבִיאִין שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר פָּרִים וּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שְׂעִירִים. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, שְׁלשָׁה עָשָׂר פָּרִים, וּבַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, שְׁלשָׁה עָשָׂר פָּרִים וּשְׁלשָׁה עָשָׂר שְׂעִירִים, פַּר וְשָׂעִיר לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וָשֵׁבֶט, פַּר וְשָׂעִיר לְבֵית דִּין. הוֹרוּ בֵית דִּין, וְעָשׂוּ שִׁבְעָה שְׁבָטִים אוֹ רֻבָּן עַל פִּיהֶם, מְבִיאִים פָּר, וּבַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה מְבִיאִין פַּר וְשָׂעִיר, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, שִׁבְעָה שְׁבָטִים שֶׁחָטְאוּ, מְבִיאִים שִׁבְעָה פָרִים, וּשְׁאָר שְׁבָטִים שֶׁלֹּא חָטְאוּ, מְבִיאִין עַל יְדֵיהֶן פַּר, שֶׁאַף אֵלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא חָטְאוּ, מְבִיאִין עַל יְדֵי הַחוֹטְאִים. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, שְׁמֹנָה פָרִים. וּבַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, שְׁמֹנָה פָרִים וּשְׁמֹנָה שְׂעִירִים, פַּר וְשָׂעִיר לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וָשֵׁבֶט, וּפַר וְשָׂעִיר לְבֵית דִּין. הוֹרוּ בֵית דִּין שֶׁל אֶחָד מִן הַשְּׁבָטִים וְעָשָׂה אוֹתוֹ הַשֵּׁבֶט עַל פִּיהֶם, אוֹתוֹ הַשֵּׁבֶט הוּא חַיָּב, וּשְׁאָר כָּל הַשְּׁבָטִים פְּטוּרִים, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, אֵין חַיָּבִים אֶלָּא עַל הוֹרָיַת בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל בִּלְבַד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ד) וְאִם כָּל עֲדַת יִשְׂרָאֵל יִשְׁגּוּ, וְלֹא עֲדַת אוֹתוֹ הַשֵּׁבֶט:

Если правит Бет-Дин, и все или большая часть собрания нарушают их правила, они [Бет-Дин] приносят тельца, [а именно. (Левит 4:14): «Если стало известно о грехе, в котором они согрешили, то собрание должно принести тельца»], а для идолопоклонства они приносят тельца и козла [то есть. (Числа 15:22): «А если ты ошибаешься и не выполняешь все эти мицвоты»— мицва (то есть преступление), равносильное всем этим мицвотам —идолопоклонство. И там написано (там же, 24): «И будет, если глазами собрания (синедриона) это было сделано по ошибке, тогда все собрание предложит одного молодого тельца… и одного козленка как жертва за грех ".] Это слова Р. Меира [Р. Мейр считает, что Левит 4:19 относится к невольности по отношению к другим преступлениям, а здесь (Числа 15:22) к невольности в отношении идолопоклонства. «Собрание», которое управляло одним [то есть Великим Синедрионом], приносит их.] Р. Иегуда говорит: Двенадцать колен приносят двенадцать тельцов, [Р. Иегуда считает, что каждое племя называется "собрание", а именно (II Паралипоменон 20: 5): «Иосафат стоял в собрании Иудейском»], и для идолопоклонства приносят двенадцать тельцов и двенадцать козлов. Р. Шимон говорит: тринадцать тельцов и для идолопоклонства - тринадцать козлов, тельца и козла для каждого племени, а также тельца и козла для Бет-Дина, [Р. Шимон считает, что бет-дин, допустивший ошибку в своем правлении, не искуплен тельцами и козлами племен, но должен принести тельца и козла для себя.] Если Бет-дин правил (ошибочно) и семь племен, нарушившие свое правление [(семь из которых составляют большинство племен)] или большинство [Израиля, даже если они принадлежат к меньшинству племен, даже если одно племя нарушило и они составляют большинство Израиля], они [все другие племена, которые не согрешили вместе с ними,] приносят тельца; и, для идолопоклонства, тельца и козла. Это слова Р. Меира. Р. Иегуда говорит: Семь племен, которые согрешили, приносят семь тельцов, а другие племена, которые не согрешили, приносят тельца (каждого) из-за них. Для тех, кто не согрешил, принесите из-за тех, кто сделал. Р. Шимон говорит: «Восемь тельцов и, для идолопоклонства, восемь тельцов и восемь козлов, тельца и козла для каждого племени, тельца и козла для Бет-дина» [Холдинг Р. Шимона что те, кто не согрешил, не восстанут из-за тех, кто это сделал. Галаха согласуется с Р. Иегудой.] Если правит одно из племен (ошибочно), и это племя [само по себе, большинство Израиля ], нарушив их постановление, что это племя несет ответственность, и все другие племена освобождены. Мудрецы говорят: нет никакой ответственности, кроме как только правлением Великого Синедриона, это написано (Левит 4:13): «И если вся община Израиля заблуждается—а не собрание этого племени. [Галаха в соответствии с мудрецами.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot

They bring a bull – It says in Leviticus that the congregation sacrifices a bull.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot

Introduction In the previous mishnah we learned that if the court issued an errant ruling and everyone acted erroneously in accord with that ruling they bring a bull, as it says in Leviticus 4:14, “The congregation shall offer a bull of the herd as a sin offering.” Our mishnah discusses who the “congregation” is that brings the bull. Throughout this mishnah we will read that there is a distinction made between sins involving idol worship and all other sins. In the introduction to the tractate I explained that the rabbis understood Leviticus 4 as referring to regular sins and Numbers 15:22-29 as referring to idol worship. If the sin was idol worship, then the congregation brings a bull and a goat (Numbers 15:24).

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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot

And in the case of idolatry they bring a bull and a goat – And if the beit din ruled to permit the prohibition of idol worship, they bring a bull and a goat, as it says in the parasha Shlach Lecha, “When you shall err and not observe all the commandments” the commandment that is equal to all the other commandments is idol worship, as it is written (Numbers 15) “then it shall be, if it be done in error by the congregation, it being hid from their eyes, that all the congregation shall offer one young bullock for a burnt-offering . . . and one he-goat for a sin-offering.” And Rabbi Meir believes that that if the congregation brings a bull, in Leviticus it is referring to transgressing in error all the other commandments, but that in Shlach Lecha when the congregation brings a bull and a goat the error is idol worship, and it is the congregation that ruled, i.e. the beit din gadol [Sanhedrin], that brings the sacrifices.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot

If the court ruled [in error] and all the people or a majority of them acted accordingly they bring a bull. And in the case of idolatry they bring a bull and a goat; these are the words of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Judah says: the twelve tribes bring twelve bulls;
And in the case of idolatry twelve bulls and twelve goats. R. Shimon says: thirteen bullocks;
And in the case of idolatry, thirteen bulls and thirteen goats: a bull and a goat for each tribe, and a bull and a goat for the court. If the court ruled [in error] and seven tribes or a majority of them acted accordingly, they bring a bull; And in the case of idolatry, they bring a bull and a goat; these are the words of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Judah said: the seven tribes who sinned must bring seven bulls and the rest of the tribes who did not sin must bring bulls on their behalf because even those who did not sin must bring on behalf of the ones who sinned. Rabbi Shimon said: eight bulls;
And in the case of idolatry, eight bulls and eight goats, a bull and a goat for every tribe and a bull and a goat for the court. If the court of one of the tribes ruled [in error], and that tribe acted accordingly, that tribe is liable, but all the other tribes are exempt; these are the words of Rabbi Judah. But the Sages say: there is no liability except as a result of the rulings of the highest court; for it says, “And if the whole congregation of Israel shall err”, but not the congregation of one particular tribe. In this section we read three opinions as to who the congregation is that brings sin-offerings if all or most of the nation sins according to the courts errant ruling. According to Rabbi Meir in all sins except idol worship the court brings a bull and if the sin was idol worship they bring a bull and a goat. Rabbi Meir understands that the court is the “congregation” referred to in the verse who brings the offering. Rabbi Judah understands “congregation” to refer to the people of Israel themselves, namely all twelve tribes. Therefore each tribe brings its own bull or bull and goat. Rabbi Shimon agrees in essence with both Rabbi Judah and Rabbi Meir: each tribe brings its own bull (or bull and goat) and the court brings one as well, bringing the total to thirteen.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot

The twelve tribes bring - Rabbi Yehuda understands that each and every tribe is called a congregation, as it is written (Chronicles II 20), “And Yehoshephat stood before the congregation of Yehuda.”

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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot

If only seven of the tribes sin according to the errant ruling, but these seven tribes do not add up to a majority of all of Israel, or a majority of each of the seven tribes sins, Rabbi Meir still holds that the court brings a bull or bull and goat. Rabbi Judah also holds that all twelve tribes still bring a bull, even though only seven sinned. Even the tribes that did not sin are responsible to ask for atonement for those that did sin. Rabbi Shimon, however, holds that only the tribes that actually sinned bring the sacrifices, as well as the court.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot

Thirteen bulls – Rabbi Shimon understands that the beit din that erred in its ruling cannot atone through the bulls and goats brought by the tribes but must bring their own bull and goat.

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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot

If the high court of one of the individual tribes ruled in error and that tribe acted according to its ruling, that tribe is held accountable and must bring a bull, according to Rabbi Judah. Note that if the high court of the entire nation had ruled in error, but only one tribe had followed the ruling, these laws would not be in effect (the individuals who sinned would therefore be regarded as individual sinners and not treated as a collective). The Sages disagree. According to them all of these laws only apply in the case of the high court of the nation. The verse states that “the whole congregation of Israel” must sin, or at least a majority thereof. Therefore, the ruling court must also be the court of all of the congregation of Israel.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot

Seven tribes – Which comprise the majority of the tribes, even if they contain a minority of the people of Israel. Or a majority of the people of Israel even if they form a minority of the tribes, and even if only one tribe acted and it comprises the majority of the people of Israel. Every other tribe that did not sin must bring a sacrifice to atone for those that did sin.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot

Eight bulls – Rabbi Shimon believes that the tribes that did not sin need not bring sacrifices to atone for those that did sin. And the law goes according to the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot

That tribe acted accordingly – That tribe’s beit din ruled for it and it acted and it does not comprise the majority of the people of Israel or the majority of the tribes.

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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot

But the Sages say: there is no liability etc. – The law goes according to the opinion of the Sages.

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