Если кто-то вышел за пределы чума, хотя бы один локоть, он не может войти (чум). [У него только четыре локтя с каждой стороны. И хотя эти четыре локтя «проглочены» в туме города, мы не говорим «как только он вошел, он вошел», поскольку он считает, что «проглатывание» тхумина не имеет никакого значения .] Р. Элиэзер говорит: (если он вышел наружу) два (локтя), он может войти; три, он не может войти. [Р. Элиэзер согласен с его точкой зрения (4: 5): «А он, посередине»; в конце двух тысяч локтей у него четыре локтя: два с одной стороны внутри чума и два с другой стороны снаружи чума. Поэтому, если он стоит во втором локте (за пределами чума), он может войти. Для «проглатывания» тчумина это важно. Галаха не соответствует Р. Элиэзеру.] Если тьма обрушилась на одного вне чума [то есть если он был на дороге, и тьма обрушилась на него вне чума], даже на один локтем, он не может войти. [Поскольку он не приобрел жилье в его месте, показав, что он не хотел делать это; и он не приобрел жилье в городе, поскольку между ним и городом было более двух тысяч локтей. Следовательно, у него всего четыре локтя, как у того, кто покинул чум.] Р. Шимон говорит: До пятнадцати локтей [Не точно, но также немного больше или меньше. (Некоторые интерпретируют это как точно пятнадцать. Я не смог истолковать это хорошо)]; для геодезистов [тех, кто измеряет тхумин городов и ставит знак конца чума), нет точных измерений из-за тех, кто ошибается. [Они не отмечают чум точно в конце двух тысяч локтей, но в пределах этого расстояния из-за тех, кто ошибается, не признавая маркировку, а иногда и неосознанно выходит за ее пределы и возвращается. Из-за этого они (геодезисты) всегда отмечали в пределах двух тысяч, так что эти пятнадцать локтей находятся в пределах чума. И поскольку он (тот, кто вышел за этот предел) сделал это по ошибке, ему было разрешено вернуться; и они не были строгими с ним, как они были с тем, кто вышел за пределы чума, который должен был принять во внимание, чтобы не делать этого. Галаха не соответствует Р. Шимону.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
אפילו אמה אחת לא יכנס – and he doesn’t have anything other than four cubits from here and four cubits from there, and even though his four cubits is enclosed within the [Sabbath] limits of the city, we do not say that since he arrived, he arrived, for he holds that the enclosure of Sabbath limits isn’t anything.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
Introduction
The first section of this mishnah deals with someone who goes beyond the Shabbat limit without having permission to do so. The second mishnah deals with someone who is just outside the city’s Shabbat limits on Friday when dusk comes. In both cases the issue at hand is may he enter the Shabbat limit after Shabbat has begun.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
שתים יכנס – Rabbi Eliezer, according to his reasoning who said, that he is in their middle, for at the end of the two-thousand [cubits], he has four cubits – two from this side within the [Sabbath] limit and two from that side at the end of the [Sabbath] limit; therefore, if he would stand in the second cubit, he could enter for the enclosure/absorption of [Sabbath] limits matters, but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Eliezer.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
One who went out beyond his Shabbat limit, even one cubit may not re-enter. Rabbi Eliezer says: [if he went] two cubits [beyond his Shabbat limit] he may re-enter, three cubits he may not re-enter. According to the first opinion in the mishnah, once someone goes beyond his Shabbat limit, he may not come back inside the border. He may now move only four cubits in each direction. Rabbi Eliezer holds that if he is two cubits or less outside the border, he may come back in. According to Rabbi Eliezer a person can always walk two cubits in each direction (above mishnah five) and therefore he can come back into the border. However, if he is more than two cubits outside the border he may not come back.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
מי שהחשיך – that he was coming from the path and it became dark for him outside the [Sabbath] limits.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
One who was overtaken by dusk when only one cubit [outside the Shabbat limit] may not enter [the Shabbat border]. Rabbi Shimon says: even if he was fifteen cubits away he may enter since the surveyors do not measure exactly on account of those who err. If the person is not within the Shabbat border at dusk, he may not enter after Shabbat begins, even if he is only one cubit outside the border. If he intended for that place to be his “Shabbat place” then he may walk 2000 cubits in all directions, but he may not enter the city. The Talmud Yerushalmi explains that Rabbi Eliezer also disagrees with this clause and holds that if he is within two cubits of the border, he may enter. Rabbi Shimon holds that even if he is fifteen cubits outside of the border, he still may enter because when the surveyors set up their marks of Shabbat limits, they do not measure precisely. This is explained in two different ways. One explanation is that the surveyors leave fifteen cubits extra so that if people take a few steps beyond the Shabbat limit, they can come back. The other explanation is that the surveyors themselves make mistakes and these mistakes are typically up to fifteen cubits.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
לא יכנס – because he did not acquire a Sabbath resting place in his place because he did not reveal his intention that he wanted to acquire a Sabbath resting place in his place. But in the city, he did not acquire a Sabbath resting place because between him and the city there is more than two-thousand cubits, therefore, he has nothing other than four cubits according to the law of “he who went outside the Sabbath limits.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
עד ט"ו אמה – not exactly, for the same law applies a little bit less or a little bit more. But there are those who interpret fifteen [cubits] exactly, and I don’t know how to reconcile this well.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
המשוחות – those who measure the [Sabbath] limits (i.e., the surveyors) for the cities and make a sign at the end of the [Sabbath] limit, they do not measure to make the sign of two-thousand exactly but mark within the limits in order to allow for mistakes (see Talmud Eruvin 52b) who do not recognize the sign and sometimes they go out further than it, and they are not paying attention to it; because of this, it is was customary always to contract within the two-thousand, so that it would be that these fifteen cubits are within the [Sabbath] limits and since this individual was the victim of an accident, we permit him to enter and we are not stringent with him, for just as we are stringent with someone who left outside of the [Sabbath] limits and there, he had to be careful to pay attention that he should not leave, but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon.
