Комментарий к Хала́ 1:9
הַחַלָּה וְהַתְּרוּמָה, חַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ מִיתָה וְחֹמֶשׁ, וַאֲסוּרִים לְזָרִים, וְהֵם נִכְסֵי כֹהֵן, וְעוֹלִין בְּאֶחָד וּמֵאָה, וּטְעוּנִין רְחִיצַת יָדַיִם וְהַעֲרֵב שֶׁמֶשׁ, וְאֵין נִטָּלִין מִן הַטָּהוֹר עַל הַטָּמֵא, אֶלָּא מִן הַמֻּקָּף וּמִן הַדָּבָר הַגָּמוּר. הָאוֹמֵר, כָּל גָּרְנִי תְרוּמָה וְכָל עִסָּתִי חַלָּה, לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם, עַד שֶׁיְּשַׁיֵּר מִקְצָת:
Алла и Терума несут смертную казнь [если некоэн сознательно ест от них] и одну пятую наказания [если некоэн невольно ест от них], и они запрещены не коэнам , и они являются собственностью коэнов , и они нейтрализуются в 101 частей, и они требуют мытья рук [до обработки] , и они требуют установки солнца [для того , чтобы съесть их после очистки] , и они не могут быть установлены в стороне от чисто для оскверненные, и они могут быть [только] отведены для того, что находится поблизости, и от того, что его подготовка была завершена. [Если кто-то говорит, что] «Весь мой молотильный пол - Терума, все мое тесто - Хала» , - они ничего не сказали, если у них не осталось остатков.
Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
חייבין עליהן מיתה – A foreigner (i.e. non-Kohen) who eats them (i.e., Hallah) willfully is liable for death by the hand of heaven, for Hallah is called “Terumah”/heave-offering, as with Terumah, it is written (Leviticus 22:9): “….and die for it, having committed profanation…”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
Introduction
Today’s mishnah lists similarities between the rules concerning terumah with those concerning hallah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
וחומש – he who eats them (i.e., Hallah) inadvertently, pays the principal to the owners and a fifth to any Kohen that he desires.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
In the case of hallah and terumah:
One is liable for death on account of [having eaten] them death [intentionally], or to [repay] an added fifth [if unwittingly]; The penalty for a non-priest who intentionally eats terumah or hallah is “death by the hands of heaven.” This is derived from Leviticus 22:9-10. If one unintentionally eats terumah or hallah he must repay the value of that which he ate, plus an added fifth (see Leviticus 22:14).
One is liable for death on account of [having eaten] them death [intentionally], or to [repay] an added fifth [if unwittingly]; The penalty for a non-priest who intentionally eats terumah or hallah is “death by the hands of heaven.” This is derived from Leviticus 22:9-10. If one unintentionally eats terumah or hallah he must repay the value of that which he ate, plus an added fifth (see Leviticus 22:14).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
ואסורים לזרים – it is taught gratuitously, for since foreigners are liable for them (i.e., eating Hallah) death and one-fifth, it is obvious that they are forbidden to foreigner. And to Rabbi Yohanan, who said one-half measure according to the Torah, we found to say that since it teaches that it is forbidden to foreigners – for a half-measure, it has neither death nor the one-fifth (penalty). But, there is, however, the prohibition from the Torah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
They are forbidden to non-priests; Only priests may eat terumah and hallah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
והן נכסי כהן – that he is able to sell them and purchase with them slaves and land and impure cattle.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
They are the property of the priest; The priest can sell the terumah or the hallah to someone else (assumedly another priest) and then he can use the proceeds to buy anything he wants. In other words, these are not like sacrifices, which the priest cannot sell and keep the proceeds for himself.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
ועולין באחד ומאה – if they were combined with one hundred [parts] of non-sacred [food].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
They are nullified [in a mixture of] one-hundred-and-one [parts, the rest being non-sacred dough or produce]; If one hundred parts hullin (non-sacred produce) are mixed in with one part terumah or hallah, then one can take out one part, give it to the priest as terumah/hallah and the rest reverts to being hullin. If there is less than a 100-1 ratio of hullin to terumah/hallah, then the whole mixture must be treated like terumah and only priests can eat it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
וטעונים רחיצת ידים – He who comes in contact with them must wash his hands first, for mere hands invalidate the Terumah, for even the Hallah is called Terumah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
They require washing of one’s hands; Before one touches terumah or hallah, one must wash one’s hands to ritually cleanse them. This is true even if one was not known to be ritually impure.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
והערב שמש – an impure [Kohen] who immersed [in a ritual bath] does not eat Terumah until sunset (see Mishnah Berakhot, Chapter 1, Mishnah 1 and the Bartenura there), as it is written (Leviticus 22:7): “As soon as the sun sets, he shall be clean; and afterward he may eat of the sacred donations, [for they are his food],” and the same law applies to Hallah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
And [waiting until] the setting of the sun [prior to eating them]; An impure person who has been to the mikveh during the day to cleanse him/herself, must wait until the sun sets in order to eat terumah (Leviticus 22:7).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
ואינן ניטלים מן הטהור על הטמא – this is a decree, lest he dedicate as sacred- property that which is not from that which is brought near, because they doubt lest the impure comes in contact with the pure and defile it, and we require that a person who dedicates [to the Sanctuary] will dedicate from what is near, as is taught shortly.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
They may not be separated from pure [stuff] for impure; If one has some pure produce/dough and some impure produce/dough, he cannot separate terumah or hallah from the pure in order to exempt the impure, even though this might seem beneficial to a priest, who would surely prefer the pure terumah/hallah (which he can eat the impure terumah/hallah cannot be eaten). See Terumot 2:1 for more information
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
ואין ניטלין אלא מן המוקף – We have the reading, and the explanation of [the word] "מוקף" is near and next to.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
But rather from that which is close, When one comes to separate terumah or hallah, he must take the terumah and hallah out of produce or dough that is close by. Thus if I have some dough here in Modiin, I can’t take hallah out of dough that I also have in Jerusalem, but I could take hallah out of dough that I have in my second kitchen. I don’t have a second kitchen, but if I did, I could make bread in both kitchens and take hallah out of one batch of dough and exempt the other batch. Probably not a good enough reason to get a second kitchen.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
מן הדבר הגמור – that their work has been completed and [in this regard] Hallah once the dough is rolled.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
עד שישייר מקצת – that [both for] Hallah and Terumah, it is written, "ראשית" (see Numbers 15:20 – “As the first ("ראשית") yield [of your baking]….”); and we require that their remnants are recognized.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
And from that [in a] finished [state]. Terumah is separated from produce whose processing has been completed, and hallah is separated from dough, and not from flour.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
If one said: “All my threshing-floor is terumah, or all my dough is hallah,” he has not said anything, unless he has left some over. It is impossible to make all of one’s grain at the threshing floor or all of one’s dough into terumah or hallah. Numbers 15:21 says, “From the first of one’s dough you shall give terumah, for all your generations.” The rabbis make a midrash on the word “from the first” and not all of the first, meaning not all of one’s produce or dough can become terumah/hallah.
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Yachin on Mishnah Challah
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