Комментарий к Хала́ 1:1
חֲמִשָּׁה דְבָרִים חַיָּבִים בַּחַלָּה, הַחִטִּים וְהַשְּׂעוֹרִים וְהַכֻּסְּמִין וְשִׁבֹּלֶת שׁוּעָל וְשִׁיפוֹן. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ חַיָּבִין בַּחַלָּה, וּמִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה, וַאֲסוּרִין בֶּחָדָשׁ מִלִּפְנֵי הַפֶּסַח, וּמִלִּקְצֹר מִלִּפְנֵי הָעֹמֶר. וְאִם הִשְׁרִישׁוּ קֹדֶם לָעֹמֶר, הָעֹמֶר מַתִּירָן. וְאִם לָאו, אֲסוּרִין עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא הָעֹמֶר הַבָּא:
В Халле [тесте, которое должно быть отведено священнику], есть пять вещей : пшеница, ячмень, полбы, овес и рожь. Они обязательны в Хале , и они объединяются друг с другом [для завершения минимального измерения, необходимого для Халы ], и им запрещено как чадаш [зерно текущего года, которое запрещено есть до Омера (специальное предложение ячменя, предлагается на следующий день после Пасхи, что позволяет употреблять в пищу зерно, собранное в прошлом году) из Пасхи и собирать до Омера . Но если они пускают корни раньше Омера , Омер делает их допустимыми [быть съеденными]; но если они этого не сделали, им запрещено [быть съеденным] до следующего омера .
Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
חמשה דברים חייבים בחלה – We draw a conclusion by analogy of [the word] חלה from [the word] "פסח"/Passover. It is stated concerning “Passover” the commandment of the bread of affliction (Deuteronomy 16:3): “[You shall not eat anything leavened with it;] for seven days thereafter, you shall eat unleavened bread, bread of distress – [for you departed from the land of Egypt hastily – so that you may remember the day of your departure from the land of Egypt as long as you live].” And it is stated [the word] "לחם" /”bread,” with regard to Hallah (Numbers 15:19): “And you eat of the bread of the land…” Just as “bread” that is stated on Passover, a matter that comes to be leavened/soured, so too “bread” that is mentioned with Hallah- something that comes to be leavened/soured and you have nothing that comes to be leavened/soured other than only these five species.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
Introduction
This mishnah teaches what species counts as grain and is therefore subject to all of the laws associated with grain.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
ומצטרפין זה עם זה – to complete the definite quantity of started dough required [to separate] Hallah, bit they all do not combine together, for a species with something that is not of the same species does combine together, as is taught in the Mishnah further ahead at the beginning of Chapter Four (Mishnah 2), but rather wheat combines with spelt alone because they are its species (see Talmud Pesahim 35a). And barley combines with everything except for wheat, and even though spelt is a species of wheat, it is not specifically a species of wheat, but it is a species of barley and even a kind of wheat that combines with wheat and barley. But the Jerusalem Talmud implies that if they (i.e., the five species) were kneaded together, they would combine even for a species with something that is not of the same species. But if they were not kneaded together but rather that afterwards, the doughs came in contact with/touched each other, one species with something of its own kind combine; but with something of a different species, they do not combine [to make definite quantity of started dough required to separate Hallah].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
Five species [of grains] are subject to [the law of] hallah: wheat, barley, spelt, oats and rye. There are only five species of grain that count as grain in Jewish law-- wheat, barley, spelt, oats and rye. If bread is made from some other type of grain, it doesn’t count as grain. For instance, before eating other types of grain, one would not say “hamotzi” or “mezonot” but rather “haadamah.” Tomorrow we will learn other consequences of the fact that these five are considered grain and others are not.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
ואסורים בחדש – As it is written (Leviticus 23:14): “[Until that very day, until you have brought the offering of your God,] you shall eat no bread or parched grain or fresh ears (i.e., of the new crop);…” and we draw a conclusion by analogy of the words "לחם", "לחם" /”bread,” “bread” from Passover.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
These are subject to hallah, and [dough made from different types of these grains] are accounted together one with another [as one quantity]. If one makes dough from a combination of these types of grain, and each type of grain is not of a sufficient quantity to make the dough liable for hallah, the different grains can join together to make the dough liable. In later chapters we will see that the minimum measure of dough to be liable in hallah is 1 ¼ kav. So if there is a mixture of these grains, as long as there is a total of 1 ¼, then hallah must be separated.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
מלקצור מלפני הפסח – since it is forbidden to reap from one of the five species prior to the reaping of the Omer, as it is written with [regard to] the Omer (Leviticus 23:10): “…[you shall bring] the first sheaf of your harvest [to the priest],” that it will be the first of all that is reaped. And you bring [the analogy] of: ראשית, ראשית" / “first,” “first” from Hallah. It is written there (Numbers 15:20): “as the first yield of your baking, [you shall set aside a loaf as a gift]…” and it is written here (Leviticus 23:10): “[you shall bring] the first sheaf of your harvest [to the priest].” Just as there it must be from the five species, so too here from the five species.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
And their “new” [harvest] is prohibited prior to Pesah, and [they are subject] to [the prohibition of] reaping prior to the Omer. Until the omer begins to be sacrificed, which is on the second day of Pesah, it is forbidden to eat of the new grain harvest (Leviticus 23:10-14). It is also forbidden to begin to harvest until the omer is first harvested. Only these five grains are subject to these laws all other grains may be harvested whenever a person wants.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
ואם השרישו – one from these five species, prior o he reaping of the Omer.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Challah
If they took root prior to the Omer, the omer permits them. If not, they are prohibited until the next Omer has come. The mishnah now clarifies what counts as the new harvest in terms of the Omer. If the grain had taken root before Pesah (the omer), then one may harvest it after the omer has begun. But if it had not yet taken root, he would have to wait an entire year, until the next omer, in order to harvest it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
העומר מתירן – and you are permitted to reap after the reaping of he Omer, as it is written (Exodus 23:16): “[And the Feast of the Harvest, of the first fruits of your work,] of what you sew in the field;…],” from the time that it is sewn and takes root in the field.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
ואם לאו – if they did not take root other than after the reaping of the Omer.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Challah
אסורים עד שיבא עומר הבא – of the next year.
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