Комментарий к Бикури́м 2:3
יֵשׁ בַּתְּרוּמָה וְבַמַּעֲשֵׂר מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בַּבִּכּוּרִים, שֶׁהַתְּרוּמָה וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר אוֹסְרִין אֶת הַגֹּרֶן, וְיֵשׁ לָהֶם שִׁעוּר, וְנוֹהֲגִים בְּכָל הַפֵּרוֹת, בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת וְשֶׁלֹּא בִפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, וּבָאֲרִיסִין וּבֶחָכוֹרוֹת וּבַסִּקָּרִיקוֹן וּבַגַּזְלָן. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ בַתְּרוּמָה וּבַמַּעֲשֵׂר, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בַּבִּכּוּרִים:
Терума и Ма'Aser доля [законы] , которых не хватает в Bikkurim: что Terumah и Мы'Остатки обмолота у Асера запрещены, и они имеют определенное количество, которое нужно дать, и они берутся из всех [видов] продуктов, [и их законы применяются] как во времена Храма, так и во времена после Храма, и они применяются для производства акций, арендаторов, сикриконим [тех, кто заставил другого отказаться от земли под угрозой смерти], и воров. Все вышеперечисленное для Терумы и Ма'Aser , но не для Bikkurim .
Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
אוסרין את הגורן – It is prohibited to eat from the grain in the threshing floor/granary until the heave-offering/sacred donations to the Kohen and tithes are separated out but First Fruits do not prohibit [the granary].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
Introduction
This mishnah points out the similarities between terumah and maaser [sheni] that are not shared by bikkurim.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ויש להן שיעור – The heave-offering/sacred-donation to the Kohanim have a Rabbinically [determined] minimal measure which is one-fiftieth (2%), but First Fruits lack a minimal measure, even Rabbinically.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
There are [laws] which apply to terumah and maaser [sheni] but not to bikkurim:
Terumah and the [second] tithe render forbidden [the contents of] the threshing-floor; Produce from which terumah or maaser sheni has not been removed is forbidden to be eaten. This is what it means that these things, “forbid the contents of the threshing-floor.” The “threshing-floor” here is just an example. Other types of produce, such as wine, oil, fruits and vegetables, also cannot be eaten until terumah and maaser sheni have been removed. However, one can eat produce if bikkurim have not been removed.
Terumah and the [second] tithe render forbidden [the contents of] the threshing-floor; Produce from which terumah or maaser sheni has not been removed is forbidden to be eaten. This is what it means that these things, “forbid the contents of the threshing-floor.” The “threshing-floor” here is just an example. Other types of produce, such as wine, oil, fruits and vegetables, also cannot be eaten until terumah and maaser sheni have been removed. However, one can eat produce if bikkurim have not been removed.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ונוהגים בכל הפירות – Rabbinically, but First Fruits may only come from the seven species (Deuteronomy 8:8 – i.e., wheat, barley, wine, figs, pomegranates, olives and honey).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
They have a set amount. Maaser sheni is a tenth of the produce that remains after first tithe and terumah have been removed. While the Torah did not set a fixed amount for terumah, the rabbis established that a generous amount is 1/40, a standard amount is 1/50 and a miserly amount is 1/60. For bikkurim there is no set amount (see Peah 1:1).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
בפני הבית ושלא בפני הבית – But Bikkurim are in effect only when the Temple exists, as it is written regarding them (Deuteronomy 26:4): “[The priest shall take the basket from your hand] and set it down in front of the altar of the LORD your God.” If there is no altar, there are no “First Fruits.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
They apply to all produce; Terumah and maaser must be removed from all types of produce whereas bikkurim is taken out of the seven species only.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ובאריסות ובחכירות וכו' – It is explained above at the beginning of the first chapter of Bikkurim (Mishnah 2), for the First Fruits do not come other than from someone whose field is legally his, as it is written (Exodus 23:19): “The choice first fruits of your soil [you shall bring to the house of the LORD your God.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
Both during and after Temple times; The laws of terumah and maaser remain in force even at a time when there is no Temple. The laws of bikkurim apply only when the Temple still stands.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
[And they apply to to produce grown] by sharecroppers, leasers, or occupiers of confiscated property (, or a robber. In mishnah 1:2 we learned that a person who doesn’t own the land from which he grew his crops does not have to bring bikkurim. This is only true with regard to bikkurim when it comes to terumah and maaser sheni, they must be removed from the produce before it is eaten regardless of who grows it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
These are [the laws] which apply to terumah and maaser [sheni], but not to bikkurim. All of the above rules apply to terumah and maaser sheni, but not to bikkurim.
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