Mishnah
Mishnah

Talmud sobre Ketubot 9:2

מִי שֶׁמֵּת וְהִנִּיחַ אִשָּׁה וּבַעַל חוֹב וְיוֹרְשִׁין, וְהָיָה לוֹ פִקָּדוֹן אוֹ מִלְוֶה בְּיַד אֲחֵרִים, רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר, יִנָּתְנוּ לַכּוֹשֵׁל שֶׁבָּהֶן. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, אֵין מְרַחֲמִין בַּדִּין, אֶלָּא יִנָּתְנוּ לַיּוֹרְשִׁין, שֶׁכֻּלָּן צְרִיכִין שְׁבוּעָה וְאֵין הַיּוֹרְשִׁין צְרִיכִין שְׁבוּעָה:

Se alguém morreu e deixou uma esposa, um credor e herdeiros, e ele tinha uma promessa ou um empréstimo (devido a ele) nas mãos de outros, R. Tarfon diz: Deve ser dado aos "mais fracos" entre eles . [Alguns explicam: para aquele cuja ação é mais recente, ele é o "mais fraco" de todos, não sendo capaz de apreender bens que haviam sido vendidos antes dele (ou seja, antes da data da ação.) Outros explicam: ao ( kethubah da) mulher. Ela é chamada de "mais fraca", não sendo apropriado para uma mulher, como é para um homem, procurar a propriedade de um morto e perguntar onde ele tem terra. E mesmo que a propriedade dos órfãos não esteja vinculada ao credor ou à cetuba da mulher, aqui, onde não está em seu domínio, R. Tarfon sustenta que é tirado da mão do devedor ou da mão do devedor. quem tem a promessa e é dado ao credor ou à (mulher por ela) kethubah.] R. Akiva diz: "Não há misericórdia no julgamento", e é dado aos herdeiros [e apreensão (pelos outros ) é inútil.] Pois todos exigem juramento, mas os herdeiros não exigem juramento. [Pois, se alguém vier cobrar da propriedade de órfãos, poderá fazê-lo apenas com um juramento. E enquanto eles (os queixosos) não jurarem, não sabemos se eles devem alguma coisa. Portanto, quando o pai morre, os herdeiros o herdam (o empréstimo ou o penhor), e ele está em seu domínio.]

Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin

Samuel said, if two men acted as judges, their judgment stands, but they are called an insolent court36Babli 3a,5b,30a,87b; Ketubot 22a. Cf. Berakhot 7:1, Note 18.. Rebbi Joḥanan and Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish both are instructing: Even37Even if the parties accepted them as judges. if two men acted as judges, their judgment is no judgment38In the Babli, this opinion is represented by Rava (5b) and R. Abbahu (87b), the student of R. Johanan and R. Simeon ben Laqish.. There, we have stated39Mishnah Bekhorot 4:4. The Mishnah refers to a person who did not pass the required examinations and was not formally qualified as a judge.: “If he rendered judgment, acquitted the guilty and condemned the innocent, declared the pure impure or the impure pure, what he did is done but he has to pay from his own pocket.” Rebbi Abba in the name of Rebbi Abbahu: if they told him, we accept you as if you were two40Since R. Abbahu follows his teachers and holds that any judgment passed by a court of two judges is void, as well as from the following quote, it is clear that one has to read “three” in place of “two”.. What are we dealing with? If his error was that he judged them on his discretion41If there exists no clear precedent for the case; different schools promulgate different rules and he followed a minority opinion because it seemed to him to be the correct one, his judgment is valid but there is no reason why he should have to pay. The Babli, 33a, declares a judgment against a clear majority of opinions as an error in law., then what he did is done. If his error was that he judged them by Torah law42If his judgment contradicted a Mishnah or a clear precedent, in Israel a judgment of the Patriarch’s court or in Babylonia a concurrent judgment of both Yeshivot, his judgment is void (cf. Ketubot 9:2, Note 100). If any money changed hands as a consequence of the erroneous judgment, it has to be returned., why should he pay from his own pocket? Rebbi Abba in the name of Rebbi Abbahu: if they told him, we accept you as if you were three on condition that you judge us by Torah law. He erred and judged them on his discretion. What he did is done, but since he erred and judged them on his discretion, he has to pay from his own pocket43As a fine. because he was presumptuous to judge alone by Torah law, as we have stated44Mishnah Avot 4:8.: “Do not judge sitting alone, for only One judges sitting alone.”
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