Comentário sobre Zavim 5:1
הַנּוֹגֵעַ בַּזָּב אוֹ שֶׁהַזָּב נוֹגֵע בּוֹ, הַמַּסִּיט אֶת הַזָּב אוֹ שֶׁהַזָּב מַסִּיטוֹ, מְטַמֵּא אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִים וּכְלֵי שֶׁטֶף בְּמַגָּע, אֲבָל לֹא בְמַשָּׂא. כְּלָל אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, כָּל הַמְטַמֵּא בְגָדִים בִּשְׁעַת מַגָּעוֹ, מְטַמֵּא אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִין לִהְיוֹת תְּחִלָּה, וְהַיָּדַיִם לִהְיוֹת שְׁנִיּוֹת, וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא לֹא אָדָם וְלֹא כְלֵי חֶרֶס. לְאַחַר פְּרִישָׁתוֹ מִמְּטַמְּאָיו, מְטַמֵּא מַשְׁקִין לִהְיוֹת תְּחִלָּה, וְהָאֳכָלִין וְהַיָּדַיִם לִהְיוֹת שְׁנִיּוֹת, וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא בְגָדִים:
Se alguém [que está limpo] toca um zav ou se um zav o toca, [ou] se alguém move um zav , ou se um zav o move, ele processa alimentos, bebidas e utensílios imundos que podem ser lavados [imersos em um mikva e assim limpo] através do toque, mas não através do transporte. O rabino Yehoshua declarou [o seguinte] princípio geral: Qualquer pessoa que torne as roupas impuras enquanto estiver em contato [com a fonte de sua impureza], torne os alimentos e líquidos impuros para se tornar uma imundície de primeiro nível e as mãos para se tornar um segundo nível de impureza, e não processa pessoas imundas ou recipientes de barro. Depois de se separar da fonte de sua impureza, ele torna os líquidos impuros para se tornarem impuros de primeiro nível, e os alimentos e as mãos para se tornarem um segundo nível de impureza, e ele não faz roupas limpas.
Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
הנוגע בזב. וכלי שטף במגע (he who touches a Zav/person with a flux. And a vessel that requires only rinsing to be restored to Levitical cleanness) – for just as a person who touches a Zav/person with a flux defiles clothing at the time of his contact/touching, so he defiles all vessels that touch them at the time of his [physical] contact with a Zav, except for humans and earthenware vessels. As it is taught in the [Halakhic Midrash] of the Torah of the Priests (i.e., Sifra), from where do we make the rest of vessels like clothing? The inference teaches us (Leviticus 15:5): “and remains impure/וטמא [until the evening].” I might think that it makes a person and earthenware vessels [impure], the inference teaches us "בגד"/”All cloth [or leather on which semen falls shall be washed in water and remain impure until evening]” (Leviticus 15:17); it defiles clothing, but it does not defile human beings and earthenware vessels. And especially at the time of contact with the Zav/person with a flux, but if he separates [from the things that make him unclean], it does not, as it is written (Leviticus 15:5): “Anyone who touches his bedding shall wash his clothes, bathe in water and remain impure [until evening];” at the time of his contact he defiles his clothing, [but if] he separates, he does not defile clothing.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
One who touches a zav, or whom a zav touches, who moves a zav or whom a zav moves, defiles by contact food and liquids and vessels that are rinsed, but not by carrying. A zav defiles through contact or through moving something or being moved by something. This mishnah discusses the level of impurity of the person whom he defiled. Such a person defiles food, liquids and vessels that "are rinsed" meaning vessels that can be purified by being put in a mikvah. This would include basically all vessels except earthenware, which can't become pure in a mikveh. The person defiled by a zav defiles only through actual contact she/he does not defile through carrying. She also does not defile other people just food and things.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
אבל לא במשא (but not what he carries) – if at the time of his contact with a Zav/person with a flux he carried clothing but did not touch them, they are ritually pure.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
A general principle was stated by Rabbi Joshua: anyone that defile garments while still in contact [with their source of uncleanness] also defiles foods and liquids so as to become [unclean] in the first grade, and the hands so that they become [unclean] in the second grade; but they do not defile people or earthenware vessels. Rabbi Joshua formulates a general principle meant to aid in determining the level of impurity of certain people mentioned in the Torah. The Torah says about certain people, for instance one touched by a zav, that he must wash his clothes (see for instance Leviticus 15:5-11, 21-22, 27). When he is actually touching the zav or something the zav laid upon, his level of impurity is relatively high. He defiles food and liquids so that they have first degree impurity. And if he touches the hands of another person he gives them second degree impurity (we will return to the topic of hand impurity in the next tractate). However, he doesn't defile people or earthenware vessels, as was stated in section one.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
כל המטמא בגדים בשעת מגעו – as for example, a person who touches a man with a flux/gonorrhea, or a woman with a flux, or a woman who has just given birth and with their discharges, with what they lie upon (i.e., bedding) and with what they sit upon.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
After they separated from their source of uncleanness they defile liquids so as to become [unclean] in the first grade, and food and the hands so that they become [unclean] in the second grade, but they do not defile garments. This is a continuation of Rabbi Joshua's general principle. Once the person has separated from the source of impurity, his ability to defile is lowered. He still defiles liquids so that they have first degree impurity. This is because liquids have a higher degree of susceptibility to impurity. However, he only defiles food and hands so that they have second degree impurity. This means that the food is only affected if it is terumah. If it is regular produce, it is unaffected. These people do not defile garments or any other vessels for they are treated as if they have first degree impurity and people with first degree impurity do not defile vessels or people.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
מטמא אוכלים להיות תחלה – because he is considered like a primary source of ritual defilement at the time of his contact, since the Torah stated that he defiles clothing.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
ואת הידים להיות שניות – but the body of a person, he (i.e., the Zav) does not defile, as it is taught in the concluding clause that he does not defile a person and an earthenware vessel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
ולאחר פרישתו ממטמאיו מטמא את המשקין להיות תחלה – and even though he is not aught but first degree of ritual impurity, he makes the liquids first remove, for even second degree of ritual impurity defiles liquids to be first remove. But they are likely/liable to catch uncleanness and don’t require fitness to become unclean (which arises from contact with certain liquids) like foods, they (i.e., the Rabbis) decreed concerning them that they are always of first remove, as a decree because of liquids that come on account of [contact with] a reptile which are first remove from the Torah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
והאוכלים והידים להיות שניות – since he separated from the things which make him unclean, it is not other than a mere first [degree of ritual defilement].
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