Comentário sobre Zavim 1:1
הָרוֹאֶה רְאִיָּה אַחַת שֶׁל זוֹב, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, כְּשׁוֹמֶרֶת יוֹם כְּנֶגֶד יוֹם. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, כְּבַעַל קֶרִי. רָאָה אַחַת, וּבַשֵּׁנִי הִפְסִיק, וּבַשְּׁלִישִׁי רָאָה שְׁתַּיִם אוֹ אַחַת מְרֻבָּה כִשְׁתַּיִם, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, זָב גָּמוּר. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, מְטַמֵּא מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב, וְצָרִיךְ בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים, וּפָטוּר מִן הַקָּרְבָּן. אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יְהוּדָה, מוֹדִים בֵּית שַׁמַּאי בָּזֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ זָב גָּמוּר. וְעַל מַה נֶּחְלְקוּ, עַל הָרוֹאֶה שְׁתַּיִם אוֹ אַחַת מְרֻבָּה כִשְׁתַּיִם, וּבַשֵּׁנִי הִפְסִיק, וּבַשְּׁלִישִׁי רָאָה אַחַת, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, זָב גָּמוּר. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, מְטַמֵּא מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב, וְצָרִיךְ בִּיאַת מַיִם חַיִּים, וּפָטוּר מִן הַקָּרְבָּן:
Aquele que viu uma descarga de zov [descarga seminal anormal], diz Beit Shammai, é como uma [mulher] que observa [emissões] um dia contra um dia [o que ele mente ou senta se torna impuro]. Beit Hillel diz que ele é como um ba'al keri [alguém que emitia sêmen, seja por emissão noturna ou por atividade sexual; tudo o que ele mente ou senta, não se torna impuro]. Se ele viu [uma descarga] um dia e no segundo dia parou e, no terceiro dia, viu duas [descargas] ou uma [descarga] tão profusa quanto duas, Beit Shammai diz que ele é um zav de pleno direito [um homem que viu a descarga que o torna imundo]. Beit Hillel diz que ele torna impuro o item em que se senta ou se deita e exige imersão em água corrente, mas não precisa trazer um sacrifício. O rabino Elazar, filho de Yehuda, disse: Beit Shammai concorda neste caso que ele não é um zav de pleno direito , mas eles discordam de um caso em que [no primeiro dia] ele vê duas [descargas] ou uma [descarga] como profusa [ o volume] como dois, e no segundo dia parou e no terceiro dia [ele mais uma vez] teve uma descarga [neste caso] Beit Shammai diz que ele é um zav de pleno direito e Beit Hillel diz que ele não é limpo aquele item em que ele se senta ou se deita e requer imersão em água corrente, mas ele não precisa trazer um sacrifício.
Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
הרואה ראיה אחת של זוב – flux that comes from the flesh of a corpse and it is similar to the white of a rotten/smashed egg. But effusion of semen comes from flesh that has not died, and is joined like the white of an egg that is not rotten/smashed.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
If a man has seen one issue of zov: Bet Shammai says: he is to be compared to [a woman] who observes day a for each day. But Bet Hillel says: he is to be compared to one who has had a seminal emission. The two houses disagree in this mishnah concerning a man who had one emission of discharge of zov (see intro for all terms). According to Bet Shammai his status is like a woman who had an emission of zivah one time. Such a woman must wait a day and if she is pure that day, she will be pure at the end of the day. If she sees zivah for three straight days then she will be a full zavah. So too a man who saw one issue of zov must wait a day to see if he sees another issue. If he does, he is a zav and he will retroactively defile everything he touched, laid upon or sat upon from the time he saw the first issue. One who shifts the zov itself is also defiled. Bet Hillel says that a man who has had one issue of zov has the same status as one who has had a seminal emission. He does not defile things by laying on them or sitting on them and one who shifts the semen is not defiled. If he sees a second time, then he is a zav, but only from that point and onward.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
בית שמאי אומרים כשומרת יום [כנגד יום] (like a woman who observes a day for a day) – for even though she is not a complete woman who experiences a flow of menstrual-type blood on three consecutive days during a time of the month when she is not due to experience menstrual bleeding until three sightings, nevertheless, with one sighting, she makes a surface designated for lying and sitting ritually impure, just like a person with gonorrhea, even though he does not become a complete person with gonorrhea/flux until three sightings, nevertheless, with one sighting he makes surfaces designated for lying and sitting ritually impure.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
Should he see [one day] and on the second it stopped, and on the third day he saw two [issues], or one [issue] that was as copious as two: Bet Shammai says: he is a full zav. But Bet Hillel says: he defiles those objects on which he sits or lies, and must also go into running water, but he is exempt from the sacrifice. As we learned in the introduction, a full zav is one who saw three issues in one day or one issue for three straight days. The two houses here debate concerning a man who saw three issues, but not in one day or in three straight days. According to Bet Shammai this person is considered a full zav, for the first sighting of zov counts with the second two. Not only is he impure and must immerse in living water, but he is also liable to bring a sacrifice. Bet Hillel says that the discharge on the first day does not count together with the discharges that came two days later. Therefore, he is considered as if he had seen discharge only twice. He defiles through lying or sitting and he must immerse in living waters (a live spring, not a mikveh), as must a zav, but he is not liable for a sacrifice.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
ובית הלל אומר כבעל קרי (like a person who experienced a seminal emission) -and he does not make surfaces designated for lying and sitting ritually impure, and a sighting does not defile through carrying, but only through contact/touching.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
Rabbi Elazar ben Yehudah said: Bet Shammai agrees that in such a case he is not real zav. Rabbi Elazar ben Yehudah disagrees with the version of this dispute contained in section two. According to him since he only saw zov once and then had a day in which he was pure, the sightings on the third day do not join the sighting on the first day.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
ראה אחת ובשני הפסיק ובשלישי ראה שתים – for if he saw two sightings on one day or on two consecutive days, he must count seven clean [days], and he is exempt from the sacrifice. But if he saw three sightings on one day or on three consecutive days, he must count seven clean [days] and he is liable for a sacrifice, as it teaches in a Baraita: Scripture counted two [days] and called him ritually impure, as it is written (Leviticus 15:2): “When any man has a discharge issuing from his member, he is impure”/"זב מבשרו זובו טמא הוא"; three [sightings] and he is called impure, (Leviticus 15:3): “The impurity from his discharge shall mean the following – whether his member runs with the discharge or is stopped up so that there is no discharge, his impurity means this:”/ואתה תהיה טומאתו בזובו רר בשרו את-זובו או-החתים בשרו מזובו טמאתו היא.", how so? Two [sightings] for ritual impurity and three [sightings] for [an obligatory] sacrifice. But a woman who experiences a flow of menstrual-type blood on three consecutive days during a time of the month when she is not due to experience menstrual bleeding/זבה if she saw many sightings on one day or on two days not during the time of her menstrual bleeding, observes one day in cleanliness and she is ritually pure in the evening. But if she saw three sightings [of non-menstrual bleeding] on three consecutive days, she needs to count seven clean days and she is liable for a sacrifice. For concerning a זבה/a woman who experiences a flow of menstrual -type blood on three consecutive days during a time of the month when she is not due to experience menstrual bleeding, it is written (Leviticus 15:25): "ואשה כי-תזוב [יזוב] דמה ימים רבים בלא עת-נדתה"/When a woman has had a discharge of blood for many days, not at the time of her menstrual impurity” (The text of Bartenura “misquotes” the Biblical verse -what is in brackets is what is found in the text of the Torah); [The word] "ימים"/days- are two; [the word] "רבים" /many – are “three.” Scripture suspends/hangs the man who has gonorrhea through sightings, and the woman who has discharges of blood outside the time of her menstrual impurity through days, and now it states, that if the man who has a flux has three sightings, but that he stopped for one day between the first sighting and the latter two sightings.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zavim
What do they disagree about? The case of one who saw two [issues], or one [issue] that was as copious as two [on one day], and stopped on the second day, and on the third day he saw another [issue]. Bet Shammai says: he is a real zav; But Bet Hillel say: he only defiles those objects on which he sits or lies, and must also go into running water, but he is exempt from the sacrifice. Rabbi Elazar ben Yehudah says that the disagreement is concerning a slightly different situation. He saw zov twice on the first day, or one discharge that counted as twice. Now he is clearly a zav, although he is not yet liable for a sacrifice. If he sees discharge again on the third day, Bet Shammai says that since he is already a zav, this sighting joins with the first two and he is a full zav. Bet Hillel maintains their opinion that unless he sees for three straight days or three times on one day, he is not a full zav.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
בית שמאין אומרים זב גמור [he is a complete man with flux/gonorrhea] and he is liable for a sacrifice like a person with three sightings.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
ובית הלל אומרים – the pure day [in-between] nullified the first sighting, and there isn’t here other than the two latter sightings [of flux], and he is exempt from the sacrifice.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
מודים בית שמאי בזה שאינו זב גמור – for the pure day that interrupted nullified the first sighting, as we have stated.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zavim
על מה נחלקו על הרואה שתים וכו', בית שמאי אומרים זב גמור – for since it was joined to the counting of seven [days] when he saw two [sightings] at the outset, the sighting nullified the pure day (i.e., without sightings), and he has in his hands three sightings.
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