Comentário sobre Shabat 21:3
בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, מַגְבִּיהִין מִן הַשֻּׁלְחָן עֲצָמוֹת וּקְלִפִּין. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, נוֹטֵל אֶת הַטַּבְלָה כֻלָּהּ וּמְנַעֲרָהּ. מַעֲבִירִין מִלִּפְנֵי הַשֻּׁלְחָן פֵּרוּרִין פָּחוֹת מִכַּזַּיִת וְשֵׂעָר שֶׁל אֲפוּנִין וְשֵׂעָר שֶׁל עֲדָשִׁים, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מַאֲכַל בְּהֵמָה. סְפוֹג, אִם יֶשׁ לוֹ עוֹר בֵּית אֲחִיזָה, מְקַנְּחִין בּוֹ, וְאִם לָאו, אֵין מְקַנְּחִין בּוֹ. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים בֵּין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ, נִטָּל בְּשַׁבָּת, וְאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה:
Beth Shammai diz: É permitido levantar ossos e conchas da mesa (no Shabbath). Beth Hillel diz: Ele pega a toalha de mesa inteira e sacode. [A gemara explica que não confiamos em nossa Mishnah como declarado, mas invertemos, a saber: "Beth Hillel diz: é permitido ... e Beth Shammai diz: Ele pega a toalha de mesa inteira etc." toalha de mesa) tem o status de um artigo (móvel). Mas ele não pode levar os ossos e as conchas com as mãos. Para Beth Hillel, segure com R. Shimon; e Beth Shammai, com R. Yehudah. No entanto, Beth Hillel permite isso apenas com ossos e conchas aptas para serem comidas pelos animais, embora não aptas para serem comidas pelos homens; mas se eles também não são adequados para serem comidos pelos animais, Beth Hillel concorda que é proibido manipulá-los, pois, nesse caso, até R. Shimon concorda.] É permitido remover migalhas [ainda] menores que o tamanho da azeitona da mesa, e cascas de feijão e cascas de lentilha, pois são comida de animal. Uma esponja—se tiver uma alça de couro, pode-se limpar com ela; caso contrário, não se pode limpar com ele. [Pois quando ele a segura, ela é espremida por seus dedos, e é inevitável (que a água seja espremida), caso em que R. Shimon admite (que é proibido)]. E os sábios dizem: Em qualquer um dos casos, [tenha ou não um cabo], pode ser tomado no Shabat [quando está seco], e não adquire impureza, [pois não é um vaso de madeira, nem tecido , nem saco, nem metal].
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
One may remove from the table crumbs less than the size of an olive and the husks of beans and lentils, because they are food for animals.
A sponge, if it has a handle, one may wipe [the board] with it;
If not, one may not wipe [the board] with it.
The sages say: in either case it may be handled on Shabbat and it is not susceptible to defilement.
This mishnah deals with clearing the table at the end of a meal on Shabbat.
Section one: Bet Shammai does not hold that the bones and nutshells left over on the table after the meal are muktzeh even though they have no use. Hence one may remove them. Bet Hillel disagrees and holds that these are muktzeh. Hence, if she wishes to remove them, she must remove the board from the table (a sort of personal tray placed in front of one or several diners) and shake it off. In the Talmud they bring a source according to which these two opinions should be reversed, Bet Hillel holding the more lenient opinion and Bet Shammai the stricter one.
Section two: Animal food is not muktzeh. Since crumbs and husks of beans and lentils may be used for animal food, they are not muktzeh and it is permitted to remove them from the table on Shabbat.
Section three: This section discusses the problem of sponges. Squeezing water or liquids out of something is prohibited. Its prohibition is derived from the prohibited labor of “laundering”, since squeezing water out of clothes is part of the laundering process. One can’t use a sponge that does not have a handle because by doing so one might squeeze water from the sponge.
The sages say that whether or not it has a handle it may be carried on Shabbat because it is a vessel and all vessels may be carried on Shabbat. However, it is not the type of vessel that can receive impurity.
Some manuscripts read differently in the concluding clause. Some read, “and the sages say: in any case he may use it for wiping.” According to this version, the sages disagree with the previous opinion, according to which wiping with a sponge without a handle is forbidden. Other versions skip the words “and the sages say” and rather read the final point as a point of agreement between all. All agree that even though you can’t use the sponge to wipe things, it still may be carried.