Mishnah
Mishnah

Comentário sobre Sanhedrin 3:1

דִּינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת, בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה. זֶה בּוֹרֵר לוֹ אֶחָד וְזֶה בּוֹרֵר לוֹ אֶחָד, וּשְׁנֵיהֶן בּוֹרְרִין לָהֶן עוֹד אֶחָד, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, שְׁנֵי דַיָּנִין בּוֹרְרִין לָהֶן עוֹד אֶחָד. זֶה פּוֹסֵל דַּיָּנוֹ שֶׁל זֶה וְזֶה פּוֹסֵל דַּיָּנוֹ שֶׁל זֶה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, אֵימָתַי, בִּזְמַן שֶׁמֵּבִיא עֲלֵיהֶן רְאָיָה שֶׁהֵן קְרוֹבִין אוֹ פְסוּלִין, אֲבָל אִם הָיוּ כְשֵׁרִים אוֹ מֻמְחִין, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְפָסְלָן. זֶה פּוֹסֵל עֵדָיו שֶׁל זֶה וְזֶה פּוֹסֵל עֵדָיו שֶׁל זֶה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, אֵימָתַי, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהוּא מֵבִיא עֲלֵיהֶם רְאָיָה שֶׁהֵן קְרוֹבִים אוֹ פְסוּלִים. אֲבָל אִם הָיוּ כְשֵׁרִים, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְפָסְלָן:

Litígios monetários (são presididos) por três (juízes). Um [dos litigantes] escolhe para si um [juiz], e um escolhe para si outro, e os dois [litigantes juntos] selecionam para si mesmos outro [um terceiro juiz. Dessa maneira, um julgamento verdadeiro é garantido. Pois os litigantes aceitam o veredicto, dizendo: "Eles nos julgaram de maneira justa". Pois quem é responsável diz: "Eu próprio selecionei um juiz e, se ele pudesse encontrar algo a meu favor, ele o teria". E o próprio terceiro juiz está inclinado a encontrar algo a favor de ambos, tendo-o escolhido.] Estas são as palavras de R. Meir. Os sábios dizem: Os dois juízes escolhem um terceiro, [sem o conhecimento dos litigantes, de modo que o terceiro juiz não se incline a nenhum deles. A halachá está de acordo com os sábios.] Cada um (dos litigantes) pode desqualificar o juiz do outro. [Ele pode dizer-lhe: "Não desejo que o caso seja julgado pelo melhor que você escolheu."] Essas são as palavras de R. Meir. Os sábios dizem: Quando é isso? Quando ele prova contra eles [(os juízes que o outro selecionou)] que eles são parentes ou (de outra forma) impróprios. Mas se eles eram kasher ou especialistas, ele não poderia desqualificá-los. [Essa é a intenção: mas se eles eram kasher, isto é, nem parentes nem (de outra forma) impróprios, mesmo que fossem "assistentes de esquina", são considerados especialistas, e ele não pode desqualificá-los. A halachá: se os litigantes aceitam alguém para julgar seu caso (seja um ou muitos), e ele toma uma decisão, sua decisão permanece e eles não podem contestá-la, mesmo que ele não seja "um especialista para muitos". E se for descoberto que ele errou—Se ele errou em uma decisão da Mishnah ou em algo aduzido na Gemara, o caso é devolvido e julgado de acordo com a Halachah. E se não puder ser devolvido (como quando aquele que recebeu dinheiro erroneamente foi para o exterior), o juiz está isento de pagamento; pois, apesar de ter contribuído para a perda (financeira), não o fez intencionalmente. E se ele cometeu um erro em seu julgamento, em algo em que tannaim, amoraim ou geonim diferem, a decisão está de acordo com um, e esse juiz decide de acordo com aquele gaon cuja decisão não é a aceita—Se ele não pegou (dinheiro de um) e o colocou na mão (do outro), o caso é devolvido. E se não puder ser devolvido, ele paga do bolso. E se "tomou e colocou na mão", o que está feito está feito, e ele paga do bolso. E um juiz que não havia sido aceito pelos litigantes, mas que se levantou (para julgar) de si mesmo, ou alguém que havia sido designado pelo rei ou por alguns dos anciãos da congregação—Se ele não é "um especialista para muitos", mesmo que tenha recebido a permissão do Exilarch, sua decisão não é uma decisão, se ele cometeu um erro ou não, e ele não está na classe dos juízes, mas na classe dos juízes. "déspotas". E qualquer um dos litigantes, se ele desejar, pode contrariar sua decisão e devolver o caso a beth-din. E se ele cometeu um erro e não "pegou e colocou na mão", o caso é devolvido. E, se não puder ser devolvido, ele paga do bolso, conforme a halachá, por todos os que contribuem para a perda (monetária). E se ele "pegou e colocou na mão", ele paga do bolso e depois retira (o dinheiro de volta) do litigante que o concedeu ao contrário da halachá. E "um especialista para muitos" que foi aceito pelos litigantes ou que a Exilarch recebeu permissão—Mesmo se ele fosse aceito pelos litigantes; ou se ele recebeu permissão do Exilarch, mesmo que os litigantes não o aceitassem—como ele é um especialista, se errou, seja em uma decisão da Mishnah ou em seu julgamento, e o caso não pode ser devolvido, ele não precisa pagar. E um especialista que recebeu a permissão do Exilarch pode obrigar os litigantes a julgar o caso diante dele, desejando ou não, tanto em Eretz Yisrael quanto fora dele. E se alguém recebeu permissão dos Nassi em Eretz Yisrael, ele pode obrigar os litigantes apenas em Eretz Yisrael. Um "especialista" é versado nas leis escrita e oral e que pode raciocinar, fazer comparações e entender uma coisa da outra. E quando ele é reconhecido e reconhecido pelos homens de sua geração, ele é chamado de "um especialista para muitos" e pode julgar sozinho, mesmo sem a permissão do Exilarch.] Cada um (dos litigantes) pode desqualificar as testemunhas do outro. Estas são as palavras de R. Meir. Os sábios dizem: Quando (ele pode fazê-lo)? Quando ele prova que eles são parentes ou (de outra forma) impróprios. Mas se eles fossem kasher, ele não poderia desqualificá-los. [O Gemara interpreta a diferença entre R. Meir e os sábios como obtendo em um caso em que um litigante diz: "Eu tenho dois pares de testemunhas neste caso", e ele trouxe o primeiro par e o outro litigante e um outro ( testemunha) se levantou e disse: "Eles são impróprios". R. Meir diz que eles podem fazê-lo, não sendo considerados "testemunhas interessadas", o primeiro litigante sustentando que ele tem outro par. E se ele busca (esse par) e não consegue encontrá-los, é a perda dele. E os rabinos afirmam que, embora ele diga inicialmente que tem dois pares de testemunhas, ele pode se retrair e dizer: "Eu tenho apenas estes", para que aqueles que os desqualificem sejam considerados "testemunhas interessadas" e seu testemunho. é inválido. A halachá está de acordo com os sábios.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

זה בורר לו אחד – One of the litigants selects for himself one judge for adjudicate for him and change his verdict to innocence. And similarly, the second [litigant] chooses for himself a judge, and two of the litigants together choose another third judge, and through this, a faithful and truthful judgment will result, for both litigants will listen the judgment and they will say that truth was adjudicated for us. For the guilty party will hold: “Behold, on my own, I chose the one, and if he is able to change the verdict to innocence, he would change it. And the third judge on his own is willing to change the verdict to innocence for both of them , because both of them (i.e., the litigants) chose him.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin

Cases concerning property [are decided] by three [judges].
This [litigant] chooses one and this [litigant] chooses one and then the two of them choose another, according to Rabbi Meir. But the Sages say: “The two judges choose the other judge.”
This [litigant] can invalidate this one’s judge, and this [litigant] can invalidate this one’s judge, according to Rabbi Meir. But the Sages say: “When is this so? When they bring proof against them that they are relatives or otherwise invalid; but if they are valid and experts, he cannot invalidate them.
This [litigant] may invalidate this one’s witnesses and this [litigant] may invalidate this one’s witnesses, according to Rabbi Meir. But the Sages say: “When is this so? When they bring proof against them that they are relatives or otherwise invalid; but if they are valid, he cannot invalidate them.

Chapter Three begins to discuss the court procedure in cases of financial matters, which only require three judges. The first mishnah discusses the selection of judges.
This mishnah contains three disputes between Rabbi Meir and the Sages with regards to the selection of judges and witnesses in cases concerning property disputes. All agree that the first two judges are selected by the litigants themselves, each litigant choosing one judge. However, Rabbi Meir and the Sages dispute with regards to the selection of the third judge. Rabbi Meir holds that the litigants together select a third judge and the Sages hold that the first two judges, those already selected by the litigants, are the ones to select the third judge.
With regards to the invalidation of the judges, Rabbi Meir holds that each litigant can indiscriminately invalidate the judge who was chosen by the opposing litigant. The Sages hold that the judges may only be invalidated on objective grounds, for either being relatives of the litigant or otherwise invalid. (We will learn more about the what cause a person to be invalid to be a a judge in mishnah three). If the judges are otherwise valid the opposing litigant may not disqualify them.
The Sages and Rabbi Meir have basically the same dispute with regard to witnesses. Note, that in this case Rabbi Meir’s opinion is much more radical. If a litigant can disqualify his rival’s witnesses without any due cause, how could anyone ever be convicted. The Talmud deliberates at length on this problem and makes several suggestions: 1) the litigant can only disqualify witnesses when there is only one witness. In such a case, since there are not the requisite number of witnesses, the litigant is not truly destroying his rival’s case; 2) the mishnah deals with a case where a person has two sets of witnesses, and the rival disqualifies only one set; 3) the rival has another witness who testifies with him that the other witnesses are disqualified; 4) the litigant claimed that the judges and witnesses were not valid. When it is established by independent evidence that he told the truth about the judges, he is believed with regard to the witnesses.
In any case, from the fact that there are four solutions to this problem, we can see how puzzling Rabbi Meir’s opinion truly is.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

וחכמים אומרים: שני הדיינים בוררים להם אחד – without the knowledge of the litigants, in order that the heart of the third judge would not lean towards one of them. And the Halakha is according to the Sages.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

זה פוסל דיינו של זה – He can say, I will not judge before the Jewish court that you have selected
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

בזמן שהביא עליהן ראיה – for this one brings evidence on one judge that he selected to invalidate him.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

אבל אם הם כשרים ומומחים – This is how it should be understood: But if they were worthy in that they are neither relatives nor invalid, even though they sit on street corners, they became like specialists and he cannot invalidate them. The Halakhic decision on this is that when the litigants accepted who would judge them, whether for an individual or for the public, and he made a legal decision for them, his judgment is law and they cannot reverse his judgment even though he is not a specialist recognized by the public, and if it is known that he erred, if it is something from the Mishnah that he erred in or something explicitly written in the Gemara, they revoke the matter and re-judge it according to Halakha. But if it is impossible to revoke the matter such as the case that the person who took the money illegally went abroad, the judge is exempt form payment after they had accepted him [as judge] over them, for even though he caused for damage [to be done], he did not intend to cause damage. And if he had erred in his weighing between opposing views, and this is a matter that the Tannaim or Amoraim or Gaonim disputed about, but the general practice is like one off them, and the judge adjudicated like according to the words of that Gaon whose opinion was not like the general practice, if he did not engage in give and take by hand, he should retract the judgment, but if it is impossible to retract, he should pay from his own estate, and if he engaged in give-and-take by hand , what is done is done and he should pay from his own estate. But a judge whom the litigants did not accept but stood up on his own [to be a judge] or a king appointed him or some of the elders of the community appointed him, if he is not a specialist recognized by the public, even though he received permission from the Exilarch his judgments are not law, whether he erred or whether he did not err. And he is not amongst the judges but rather amongst those who act by force, and each one of the litigants if he wants, he reverses the decision and the judgment returns before the Jewish court. And if he erred and did not engage in give-and-take by hand, the judgment should be reversed, and if it is impossible to reverse it, he should pay from his estate according to the law of all who cause damage, and if he engaged in give-and-take by hand he should pay from his estate and return from what the litigant gave him which was not according to Halakha. But specialist recognized by the public whom the litigants accepted or that he received permission [to judge] from the Exilarch even though the litigants did not accept him, for such he is a specialist, if he erred in a matter whether from the Mishnah or from making a decision after weighing between opposing views, and it is impossible to reverse the decision, he is exempt from making payment. And a specialist who received permission from the Exilarch must force the litigants before him that they will adjudicate before him, whether they wanted to or did not want to, whether in the land of Israel or outside the land of Israel. And whomever received permission from the Nasi in the land of Israel cannot force the litigants other than only in the land of Israel. And he who is a specialist, is one who learned the Written Torah and the Oral Torah and knows how to think, to make analogies and to understand a thing from the midst of another thing (and he is called a specialist). And when he is recognized and known and his character/substance has gone out [and become known] among the men of his generation, he is called an expert recognized by the public, and he may judge singularly (i.e., alone) and even if he did not receive permission from the Exilarch.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

זה פוסל עדיו של זה – This is a dispute between Rabbi Meir and the Rabbis which is maintained in the Gemara, for when a litigant said: “I have two sets of witnesses in the manner” and he brings the first set and the opposing litigant stands with one another [person] and says, they are invalid, Rabbi Meir states he and another [person] may invalidate them, and he is not an interested witness, for he said that he has another set [of witnesses], but if he requested and did not find [them] he loses. And the Rabbis think that even though he said at first: “I have two sets of witnesses,” he can retract and say “I do not have ought of these, and the person who comes to invalidate them is an interested witness but they are not invalidated by his mouth. And the Halakha is according to the Sages.
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