(Adjudicações de) [quarenta] listras (são presididas) por três, [sendo escrito (Deuteronômio 25: 1): "E elas se aproximarão do julgamento, e elas (dois juízes) as julgarão", e desde então -din não pode ser equilibrado, acrescenta-se um juiz, fazendo três.] R. Yishmael diz: "Vinte e três. [Ele deriva por identidade:" perverso "-" perverso ", sendo escrito aqui (com relação às listras ) (Deuteronômio 25: 1): "E incriminarão o iníquo" e, em outros lugares (Números 35:31): "... quem é iníquo (condenado) a morrer." Assim como ali, vinte e três , então aqui, vinte e três.] Intercalação do mês [isto é, santificação da lua nova (uma vez que "intercalação do ano" se segue, "intercalação do ano" é ensinada.)]] (é presidida) por três. Intercalação do ano (é presidida) por 3. Estas são as palavras de R. Meir R. Shimon B. Gamliel diz: Eles começam com três, deliberam com cinco e terminam com sete. [Eles começam com três para ver se for necessário sentar um th-din para isso. Se um dos três disser que beth-din deve sentar e ver se é necessário intercalar o ano por causa da estação, da primavera ou dos frutos, e dois dizem que não é necessário, que não há dúvida aqui, com certeza, não se exige intercalação, a minoria é anulada. Se dois dizem para sentar, e um, para não sentar, os dois são seguidos e mais dois são adicionados para deliberar o assunto, de modo que agora existem cinco. Se dois dizem que é necessário intercalar, e três, que não é, os dois estão em minoria e são anulados. Se dois dizem que não é necessário, e três, ou seja, a maioria é seguida e outros dois são adicionados, perfazendo sete, que intercalam o ano. A Gemara explica que esses "três, cinco e sete" correspondem à bênção sacerdotal, havendo três palavras no primeiro versículo, cinco no segundo e sete no último. A halachá está de acordo com R. Shimon b. Gamliel.] E se eles terminaram com três, é (no entanto) intercalado.
Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
מכות – forty stripes
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
Introduction
Mishnah two continues to list the numbers of judges needed for different types of cases.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
בשלשה – as it is written (Deuteronomy 25:1): “…and they go to law, and a decision is rendered.” The word ושפטום/and they go to law – [denotes] two, and there can never be an even-balanced court, so we add upon them another [judge], for we have three [judges].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
[Cases concerning offenses punishable by] beating [are decided] by three. In the name of Rabbi Yishmael they said twenty-three. According to Deut. 25:1-3, in certain cases a criminal is punished by beating through lashes. According to Rabbi Yishmael, although this is not truly a capital case, it nevertheless must be adjudicated by twenty-three probably because they occasionally will lead to death.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
רבי ישמעאל אומר: בעשרים ושלשה – it comes [by a comparison of the word] רשע רשע –[found in two different places by analogy]. It is written here (Deuteronomy 25:1) “declared the one in the right and the other in the wrong”, and it is written there (Numbers 35:31): “[You may not accept a ransom for the life of a murderer] who is guilty of capital crime; [he must be put to death].”Just as there (i.e., in Numbers 35:31), with twenty-three [judges], so here (Deuteronomy 25:1) with twenty-three [judges].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
The intercalation of the month and intercalation of the year [are decided] by three, according to Rabbi Meir. Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel says: “The matter is begun by three, discussed by five, and decided upon by seven. But if they decided upon it with three, the intercalation is valid.” A month according to the Jewish calendar is 29 or 30 days. The court would decide each month whether the month should have 29 or 30 days. This was the intercalation of the month. The intercalation of the year was the decision whether or not to add another month of Adar (the twelfth month of the Jewish year if we begin counting at Nisan) in order to turn the twelve month year into a thirteen month year. According to Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel, the process of the intercalation of the year is such a serious matter that it must be discussed by more than three judges. The process is begun with three. If they agree to intercalate the year two more judges are added. If they still agree then yet another two judges are added. If the seven agree then the year becomes intercalated. However, if they decided with only three judges the intercalation is nevertheless valid.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
עיבור החודש – the Sanctification of the [New] Month, and since it was necessary [for the Mishnah] to teach the intercalation of the year (i.e., proclaiming a leap-year/inserting a second Adar), so too it taught the intercalation of a month (i.e., proclaiming a month just past one of thirty days).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
Questions for Further Thought: • Why do you think Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel considered the intercalation of the year to be such an important issue?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
בשלשה מתחילין – to see if one is able to appoint a Jewish court on this. And if one of the three [judges] says that there is a need for the Jewish court to sit and investigate if it is necessary to intercalate the year because of the solstice, and the spring and the fruition, but two say that it is not necessary, for there is no doubt here and for sure it is not necessary to have a leap year, the individual is nullified in his minority [status]. Two [judges] who say to appoint a Jewish court and one [judge] says not to appoint [a Jewish court], we follow after the two [judges], and we add two other [judges] who will engage in give-and-take in the matter, and hence we have here five. If two [judges] say that we must intercalate [the year] and three [judges] say that it is not necessary, the two are nullified in their minority. [But if] two [judges] say that it is not necessary and three [judges] say that it is necessary, we follow after the majority, and add another two [judges] so that that there will be seven and we intercalate it [i.e., the year]. And the Gemara explains that these three, five and seven correspond to the Priestly Blessing, for there are three words in the first verse, and in the second, five [words] and in the third [verse] seven [words], and the Halakah is according to Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel.
