Existem três [colheitas] de azeitonas e cada uma fornece três tipos de óleo. A primeira colheita de azeitonas, ele pega as azeitonas do topo da árvore; e ele as bate e as coloca na cesta; O rabino Judá diz: ao redor dos lados da cesta. Este é o primeiro. Ele então os pressiona com a viga; O rabino Judá diz: com pedras. Este é o segundo. Ele volta e mói e pressiona novamente. Este é o terceiro. O primeiro [óleo] é adequado para a menorá [templo candelabro] e os outros para oferendas de grãos. A segunda colheita de azeitona é quando ele as pega no nível do telhado, as bate e as coloca na cesta; O rabino Judá diz: ao redor dos lados da cesta. Este é o primeiro. Ele então os pressiona com a viga; O rabino Judá diz: com pedras. Este é o segundo. Ele volta e mói e pressiona novamente. Este é o terceiro. O primeiro [óleo] é adequado para a menorá e os outros para oferendas de grãos. A terceira colheita de azeitona é quando ele empacota as últimas azeitonas da árvore dentro do armazém [da instalação de prensagem de óleo] até que fiquem maduras; ele as pega e as seca no telhado e as bate e as coloca na cesta; O rabino Judá diz: ao redor da cesta. Este é o primeiro. Ele então os pressiona com a viga; O rabino Judá diz: com pedras. Este é o segundo. Ele volta e mói e pressiona novamente. Este é o terceiro. O primeiro [óleo] é adequado para a menorá e os outros para oferendas de grãos.
Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
שלשה זיתים – three times during the year they harvest/prepare the olives. And in them there are three oils, and each time there are three kinds of oil.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
There are three [periods of gathering in the] olives and each crop gives three kinds of oil. There are three different ways of picking the olives off of the trees, and each way provides three different qualities of oil. The mishnah now lists each way and the quality of oil that is produced in each way.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
הזית הראשון – the first time that they harvest/prepare [the olives].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
The first crop of olives is when the olives are picked from the top of the tree; they are pounded and put into the basket. Rabbi Judah says: around the basket. This gives the first oil. They are then pressed with the beam Rabbi Judah says: with stones. This gives the second oil. They are then ground and pressed again. This gives the third oil. The first [oil] is fit for the candlestick and the others for menahot. The first picking is done from the olives on the tops of the trees. First they are picked, then crushed and put into baskets. The oil flows from the baskets into a vessel underneath. Rabbi Judah says that the crushed olives are placed around the basket and that the oil will then enter the basket through the holes in the basket. This is the first oil, which I believe we call the extra virgin oil. The second oil comes from what is pressed out of the baskets. The first opinion holds that this pressing is done with a wooden beam, whereas Rabbi Judah (who must have had his own olive press!) says it is done with stones. This is the virgin olive oil, second best. After the first pressing, they would again grind the olives and press them again. This would be the regular olive oil. The first type of oil is good enough to be used for lighting the menorah. The second and third types could be used for menahot.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
מגרגרו בראש הזית – he harvests the berries that are at the top of the olive/tree, for they ripen first because the sun shines upon them and ripens them.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
The second crop is when the olives at roof-level are picked from the tree; they are pounded and put into the basket. Rabbi Judah says: around the basket. This gives the first oil. They are then pressed with the beam Rabbi Judah says: with stones. This gives the second oil. They are then ground and pressed again. This gives the third oil. The first [oil] is fit for the candlestick and the others for menahot. The second crop was done with the olives was done with the olives that were at the height of the rooftops. The processing of these olives is the same as that with the first crop.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
לתוך הסל – he refines them and [the oil] comes up and there is a utensil underneath the basked to receive the oil.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
The third crop is when the last olives of the tree are packed inside the house until they become overripe; they are then taken up and dried on the roof they are pounded and put into the basket. Rabbi Judah says: around the basket. This gives the first oil. They are then pressed with the beam Rabbi Judah says: with stones. This gives the second oil. They are then ground and pressed again. This gives the third oil. The first [oil] is fit for the candlestick and the others for menahot. The third crop was done with the olives on the lowest part of the tree. These olives will not ripen on their own on the tree and therefore they are packed inside the house until they become overripe and the oil begins to seep out. Henceforth, their processing is the same as the olives that ripen on the tree.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
רבי יהודה אומר סביבות דופני הסל – he places the olives and the oil flows through the walls and falls into the rim of the basket and from there he refines it and goes up and it is found to be refined . For the refuse that remains is attached on to the walls of the basket. But he soul dot place them on the rim at the bottom of the basket, because they get combined with the oil and the sediment/lees and it is found that the oil is turbid. But the oil that flows from itself without any assistance rendered in loading up is called the first oil of the first olive.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
טען בקורה – the olives that are in the basket.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
רבי יהודה אומר באבנים – but not with a beam, for the beam is heaven and it removes the sediment/lees.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
חזר וטחן – with a millstone, those olives that are under the beam and the beam presses them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
הראשון למנורה – that we require pure olive oil (see Leviticus 24:2).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
והשאר כשר למנחות – for it is not written with them that it is pure [olive oil].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
הזית השני – the second time when he harvests that which is found that are ripened now.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
מגרגרו בראש הגג – he harvests the berries that are near the roof, for their olives were near their rooves, and those ripen second.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
הראשון – that went out prior to the pressing [of the beam] are fit/appropriate for the Menorah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
הזית השלישי – when he harvests the third time, they don’t ripen sufficiently all the way, for they are branches that are under the roof where the sun does not reach them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
עוטנו (packs in an a vat preparatory to crushing) – the language of vat or pit where olives ar e packed until they form a viscid mass, and it is the indentation/hole where they place the olives in order that they can grow moldy/decay there, and the language is Biblical (Job 21:24): “His pails are full of milk; [the marrow of his bones is juicy].”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
שילקה – that it will grow moldy/decay.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
ומנגבו בראש הגג – because it is collected/piled up and gathered in one place for four or five days, it (i.e., the oil) flows on its own, there is a thin secretion and it is not pleasant, therefore it is necessary to dry them off.
