Propriedade limitada [(nechasim sheyesh lahem achrayuth) [isto é, terra. Quem empresta outro dinheiro, dependendo dele (para reembolso), na medida em que está sempre presente e intacto. "achrayuth" denota "chozer" ("seguindo depois"), ou seja, o credor "segue depois" e apreende do comprador quando o devedor não tem mais nada]—(Propriedade vinculada) é adquirida por dinheiro, [viz. (Jeremias 32:44): "Eles comprarão campos por dinheiro". Aqui, onde não é costume escrever uma ação; mas onde é costume, ele não a adquire até escrever uma ação.], por escrito, [escrevendo no papel ou em um fragmento: "Meu campo é dado a você", "Meu campo é adquirido por você". e entregá-lo (a escritura) ao comprador. E é somente quando a terra é dada como um presente que é adquirida por uma ação; mas quando é vendido, não é adquirido até que o dinheiro seja dado (a menos que seja vendido por causa de sua condição ruim, caso em que é adquirido apenas por escritura). E de onde é derivado que a terra é adquirida por escritura? De (Jeremias 32:44): "E eles escreverão em uma ação e selarão".]] E por chazakah, [como cavando um pouco na terra, ou cercando, ou rompendo um pouco na presença do vendedor. Se não estiver em sua presença, ele deve dizer-lhe: "Vá chazek (realize um ato de chazakah) e adquira-o". E de onde se deriva que a terra é adquirida pela chazakah? De (Deuteronômio 11:31): "E você a herdará e habitará nela." Como você herdará isso? Morando nela.] E a propriedade não acoplada é adquirida apenas por meshichah ("extração"), [sendo escrita (Levítico 25:14): "ou adquirida da mão de seu companheiro". O que pode ser transferido de mão em mão é adquirido apenas por essa transferência.] A propriedade não consolidada é adquirida juntamente com a propriedade vinculada (que é adquirida por) dinheiro, mandado ou chazakah. [Se ele vendeu objetos móveis em conjunto com a terra, quando o comprador as compra por um desses três meios de aquisição, esses objetos são adquiridos com ela. Isso, desde que o vendedor diga ao comprador: "Adquira-os junto com a terra". Isso é derivado de (II Crônicas 21: 3): "E seu pai lhes deu muitos presentes (consistindo) em prata, ouro e coisas preciosas, juntamente com cidades fortificadas".] E propriedades não vinculadas vinculam propriedades vinculadas a propriedades sujeitas a juramento. [Embora a terra não esteja sujeita a juramento—onde objetos móveis e terra são reivindicados, e ele é obrigado a fazer um juramento em relação ao primeiro, o juramento vincula a terra a um gilgul shevuah [um juramento de rolagem]. Gilgul shevuah é derivado do que está escrito em relação ao sotah (uma mulher suspeita de adultério), viz. (Números 5:22): "E a mulher dirá: 'Amém, amém'"—Amém (ao juramento: "Não me tornei impuro") em relação a este homem (o suspeito adúltero); Amém, em relação a qualquer outro homem; Amém, que eu não me perdi quando estava noivo; Amém, que eu não me perdi quando estava casado, esperando yibum, ou levado yibum.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
נכסים שיש להם אחריות – that is landed property, that the person who lends his fellow relies upon them that they are enduring and standing. And the explanation of the word אחריות/property which may be resorted to in case of non-payment is “return” – that the lender can return to them and forcibly seize the mortgaged property [that had been sold] if he would not find anything with borrower [upon his non-payment of the loan].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
Introduction
Today’s mishnah discusses the acquisition of land and movable property. Land in the Mishnah is called property which “has security.” This means that creditors can collect from this property for outstanding debts, even if the land is already owned by a third party (not the debtor). “Movable property” cannot be used for debt collection from third parties.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
נקנין בכסף – as it is written (Jeremiah 32:44): “Fields shall be purchased [and deeds written and sealed...],” and these words [apply] in a place where it is not customary to write a document, but in a place where it is customary to write a document, he does not acquire it until he writes a document.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
Property which has security is acquired by money, by deed or by possession. Land is acquired through money, deed or possession. That is to say if Reuven wants to acquire land from Shimon he can do one of three things. Either he can pay money to Shimon, write out a document, or demonstrate possession over the land with Shimon’s consent.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
בשטר – that he writes on paper/parchment or on earthenware, that it is enough that is given to you or it is enough that is purchased by you, and he transfers it to the purchaser. And specifically, when it is a gift, land is purchased by a document. But in a sale, [it is not transferred] until he gives him the money, unless he sells his field because of its poor [quality], and in this, it is sold by a document alone. And from where do we learn that land is acquired by a document? It is written (Jeremiah 32:44): “[Fields shall be purchased,] and deeds written and sealed, [and witnesses called in the land of Benjamin and in the environs of Jerusalem, in the towns of Judah…].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
[Property] which does not have security is acquired only by being drawn [to the purchaser]. Just as animals are not acquired by money, so too “things” are not acquired through money. Rather the purchaser must physically take the object he wishes to acquire into his possession. Until he does so, the item still belongs to the seller.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ובחזקה – such as that he dug a bit into the ground, or locked or fenced in or made a slight breach in the presence of the seller. But if it was not in his presence, he must say to him: “Go, take possession and acquire.” And from where do we learn that property is acquired by a claim based upon a presumption of undisturbed possession until evidence of a change is produced? As it is written (Deuteronomy 11:31): “…when you have occupied it and are settled in it.” How does one occupy it? Through settling it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
Property which does not have security may be acquired in conjunction with property which does have security by money, deed, or possession; A person may acquire land through money, deed or possession, and at the same time acquire movable property without making a separate demonstration of acquisition. For instance if Reuven wishes to buy from Shimon a piece of land and a herd of sheep, he may acquire the land and the sheep with money, even though money alone would not be sufficient to acquire the sheep.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ושאין להם אחריות אין נקנין אלא במשיכה – As it is written (Leviticus 25:14): “[When you sell property to your neighbor,] or buy any from your neighbor, [you shall not wrong one another].” A thing which is possible to give him from hand to hand is not acquired other than by giving [it] from hand to hand.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
And it obligates the property which provides security, to take an oath concerning them. In Shevuoth 6:5 we learned that people do not take oaths over land. For instance, if Reuven claims that Shimon owes him land, and Shimon admits to part of the claim, he need not swear that he does not owe him the rest, as he would were Reuven to claim that Shimon owes him money or animals. However, if Shimon needs to take an oath over movable property and land, since he must take an oath over the movable property he must also take an oath over the land. This could happen if Reuven claims that Shimon owes him a piece of land and a 100 sheep. If Shimon admits that half of the land is Reuven’s and half of the sheep, he must take an oath over both the land and the sheep which he claims not to owe.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
נקנין עם נכסים כו' – If he sold movables with the land, since the purchaser bought the land in one of these three [forms] of acquisition, the movables are purchased with it, and he (i.e., the seller) should say to him: “acquire these subsidiary to the property, and we derive this from a Biblical verse, as it is written in Chronicles (II Chronicles 21:3): “Their father gave them many gifts of silver, gold and [other] presents, as well as fortified towns [in Judah…..].”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
וזוקקין – these properties which cannot be resorted to (i.e., movable properties), with property from which debts may eventually be collected (i.e., landed property). And even though no oath is imposed on these properties, where they claimed movables and landed property and mandated an oath on the movables, the movables obligate an oath on the landed properties through an oath of implication (i.e., the rule permitting the court to insert in an oath an affirmation to which the person concerned could not have been compelled directly). And we learned the oath of implication from the woman suspected of having committed adultery, as it is written (Numbers 5:22): “And the woman shall say, ‘Amen, Amen,’” “Amen” from this man, “Amen” from another man,” “Amen” that she did not act foolishly while she was betrothed; “Amen” that she did not act foolishly while married, a widow waiting for the יבם/the dead husband’s brother to marry or reject her and the case of a woman conduced to one’s house to consummate the marriage.
