Um eruv e uma parceria [em um mavui (veja 1: 1)] são feitos com todos (alimentos), exceto com água e sal. [Estamos falando aqui de eruvin de tchumin (limites do sábado); pois eruvin de chatzeroth (pátios) são feitos somente com pão. "Com todos" em nossa Mishnah não é categórico, como afirma a gemara: "Não aprendemos (regras) com generalizações, mesmo aquelas qualificadas por 'exceto'." Pois aqui aprendemos "Um eruv é feito com todos ( alimentos), exceto com água e sal ", embora também não façamos um eruv com morils e trufas, eles também não são alimentos, como água e sal.] E todos (alimentos) podem ser comprados com ma'aser (sheni) dinheiro, [que está sendo escrito (Deuteronômio 14:26): "E você dará o dinheiro por tudo o que sua alma deseja"], exceto água e sal, [isso não é "fruto de fruto"]. Se alguém se abstém de "mazon", recebe água e sal. [Não que ele diga: "Seja proibido o mazon para mim", pois os únicos alimentos chamados "mazon" são as cinco espécies que "sustentam e apóiam" (trigo, cevada, centeio, aveia e espelta); ele diz: "Eu me curvo de tudo o que sustenta (zan)"—e todos os alimentos mantêm e saciam por um tempo, exceto água e sal.] Um eruv pode ser feito para um nazirita com vinho, [mesmo que seja proibido a ele, é permitido a outros], e (um eruv pode ser feito ) para um israelita com terumah, [pois é permitido a Cohanim.] Somchos diz: (apenas um eruv pode ser feito para um israelita) com chullin (comida não consagrada) [para algo permitido a ele é necessário. E Somchos não difere vis-à-vis (um eruv de) vinho para um nazirita, pois um nazirita pode ser absolvido de seu voto, e o vinho lhe é permitido naquele sábado. Mas terumah não pode ser tornado permissível para um israelita. Pois mesmo que ele tenha sido "absolvido" de sua tomada de terumah, de modo que seja como se nunca tivesse sido tomado, ele retorna ao seu estado de nível e não pode ser comido até que um terumah diferente seja tomado. Mas terumah não pode ser tomado no Shabat, mesmo no crepúsculo; portanto, não pode ser permitido a ele. A halachá não está de acordo com Somchos.] E (pode ser feito um eruv) para um Cohein em um beth hapras. [Isso é anônimo, não declarado por Somchos. Beth hapras é um campo no qual foi sepultada uma sepultura. Um Cohein pode entrar lá quando "sopra" enquanto caminha, tomando cuidado para não tocar em um osso do tamanho de um milho de cevada. Ele tem, portanto, permissão para colocar seu eruv ali; pois ele pode ir ao local onde colocou seu eruv, e ele e o eruv estão no mesmo local.] R. Yehudah diz: (Um eruv pode ser feito para ele) mesmo em um cemitério, pois ele pode fazer uma partição e comer. [Ele pode fazer uma partição entre ele e a sepultura, para que não a "tenda" sobre ela, como entrando em uma carroça fechada, caso em que lhe é permitido. A gemara afirma que os rabinos diferem de R. Yehudah, mesmo em relação a um israelita, determinando que é proibido colocar um eruv em um cemitério, dizendo "Cohein" apenas para nos informar sobre o "poder" de R. Yehudah, que é permitido mesmo com um Cohein. O raciocínio da diferença: R. Yehudah sustenta que, embora seja proibido tirar proveito de um cemitério, é permitido colocar um eruv ali, um eruv ligado ao sábado sendo feito apenas por uma mitzvá, e mitzvoth não tendo sido dado como "benefício". E mesmo que o eruv seja "guardado" lá depois que ele adquirir (habitação haláchica), isso é efetuado no crepúsculo; e o eruv permanece depois que ele realiza a mitzvá, todo o sábado—R. Yehudah sustenta que não se preocupa se seu eruv é perdido ou roubado depois que ele adquire (habitação haláchica). E os rabinos sustentam que alguém está preocupado, desejando que não seja roubado. Portanto, com o eruv sendo "guardado" no cemitério durante todo o Shabat depois que ele adquiriu (habitação) no crepúsculo e sua mitzvá ter sido concluída, ele é encontrado como beneficiado pelas sepulturas, algo que é proibido. Portanto, não se pode colocar um eruv em um cemitério. A halachá está de acordo com os sábios.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
בכל מערבין – the joining of borders/עירובי תחומין (i.e., placing a small amount of food somewhere within the two-thousand cubit limit, establishing that location as one’s residence for Shabbat, and the two thousand cubits are measured from there), whereas the joining of courtyards/עירובי חצרות – is not made other than with bread (i.e., all the inhabitants of a serious of homes sharing a common courtyard place food in one place before Shabbat, they are considered as an extended household and one may carry within the courtyard), and this "בכל"/”with any” that is taught in our Mishnah , is not exact, as we state in the Gemara (Tractate Eruvin 27a): “one may not derive anything from the general statement, not even when an exception is stated (as there may be other exceptions),” for surely here it is taught in our Mishnah: “With any [food] do they prepare the Eruv… except for water and salt,” and there are also a kind of mushroom and truffles that we don’t make Eruvin and merging [of alleyways] with them (i.e., if several courtyards open into a common alleyway, it is prohibited for the inhabitants of the houses in the courtyards to carry within the alleyway unless he inhabitants of each house place food in one place for the duration of Shabbat together with the placement of a side pole placed at the entrance to the alleyway or a cross-beam placed over it to mark the entrance to the alleyway and that it is prohibited to carry outside the alleyway), and these are not food, like water and salt.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
Introduction
This mishnah begins to discuss how one sets up an eruv (either for a courtyard or to extend the Shabbat border) or shittuf mavoi (alleyway partnership). An “eruv” refers to the common meal shared by those who share a courtyard and a “shittuf mavoi” is the common meal shared by those who share an alleyway. An “eruv” can also refer to a meal set up at the end of the limit where one can go on Shabbat, so that one can go another 2000 cubits. For more info, see in the introduction.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ומשתתפים – merging of alleyways.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
With all [kinds of food] they may make an ‘eruv and a shittuf, except water and salt. Any type of food may be used to constitute the meal for an eruv or for a shittuf. An eruv refers to either a courtyard eruv or a Shabbat border eruv. A shittuf refers to the alleyway partnership. The only exception is salt and water which do not count as food.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
הכל נלקח בכסף מעשר – as it is written (Deuteronomy 14:26): “and spend the money on anything you want – [cattle, sheep, wine, or other intoxicant or anything you may desire].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
And all [kinds of food] may be purchased with money of the second tithe, except water and salt. Second tithe is redeemed by its owners with money, the money is brought to Jerusalem and there it is used to buy food. It cannot be used to buy non-food products. We should note that food includes drink. However, as in the previous section, it does not include salt and water.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
חוץ מן המים ומן המלח – for it is not fruit from fruit.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
One who vowed to abstain from food is allowed [to consume] both water and salt. If a person vowed to abstain from eating, he may still drink water and eat salt because neither is considered food.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
הנודר מן המזון – not that he said: “that nourishment should be forbidden to me,” for it is not called “nourishment”/מזון – other than from five species that nourishes and satisfies (see Talmud Eruvin 30a), but rather, as for example, that he said, all that feed me – I take a vow of abstinence (as a substitute for the word “sacrifice”/קרבן ), and all words of support/nourishing and we impose an oath by hours, except from water and salt.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
An eruv may be prepared for a nazirite with wine and for an Israelite with terumah, But Symmachus says: with unconsecrated produce only. Although a nazirite cannot have wine and an Israelite cannot have terumah, both may use them to make their eruv, since other Jews can eat them. We see from here that the meal is symbolic. It does not have to be edible by the one who sets it up, it just has to be food that can be eaten by a Jew. Symmachus disagrees and holds that the eruv must be edible by those who participate in it. Therefore, an Israelite cannot use terumah as his eruv. However, a nazirite can still use wine since it is possible for him to ask a sage to release him from his nazirite vow. In other words, the prohibition of terumah to Israelites is immutable while the prohibition of wine to any given nazirite is not.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
מערבין לנזיר ביין – and even though it is not proper for him (as Nazirites are forbidden to partake of wine as part of their vow), it is proper for others.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
[An eruv may be prepared] for a priest in a bet hapras. Rabbi Judah says: even in a cemetary, because he can put up a partition and thus enter [the area] and eat [his eruv]. A bet hapras is a place that used to have a grave in it and now has been plowed over. It is rabbinically prohibited for a priest to enter such a place, lest there be a bone that remains or was spread out somewhere in the vicinity. However, in some ways the rabbis were lenient with the laws governing a bet hapras, since the prohibition is not toraitic. One of these leniencies is that a priest’s eruv may be set up there. This eruv refers to a Shabbat border eruv (eruv tehumin), since a bet hapras would not be within the courtyard or alley. Rabbi Judah is even more lenient and allows the priest’s eruv to be set up in an actual cemetery. This is because the priest can set up a partition to get to his eruv.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ולישראל בתרומה – for this (i.e., heave-offering) is appropriate [only] for Kohanim.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
סומכוס אומר חולי – fo we require something that is appropriate to him, and regarding wine for a Nazirite, Sumchos does not dispute, because it is possible that the Nazirite will come before a scholar for absolution from his vow and the wine will [then] be permitted to him on that Shabbat, but Terumah/heave-offering, it is impossible that it will be appropriate for an Israelite (as Terumah is only for a Kohen), for even an Israelite who separates the heave-offering upon it, and behold it will be as if it had not been lifted up, for behold, it returns to eatables that are forbidden pending the separation of sacred gifts, and it is forbidden to eat from it until he returns and separates another heave-offering, for we don’t separate heave-offering on Shabbat, even at twilight; therefore, it is not appropriate for him. But the Halakha is not according to Sumchos.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ולכהן בבית הפרס – it is taught anonymously and is not Sumchos who said it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
בית הפרס – it is field in which a grave was ploughed, it is permitted for a Kohen to enter there when he is breathing and walking by, and sees that he doesn’t touch a bone the size of a barley-corn, and because of this, it is permitted to place his Eruv there, for he is able to enter in the place where he placed his Eruv, but he and his Eruv are in another place.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
לחוץ – to make a partition between himself and the grave so that it would not cause Levitical uncleanness arising from being under the same shelter with, or forming a shelter over, a corpse, such, for example that he would enter there with a chest, ark, and/or a turret. So we see that is appropriate for him but the dispute of Rabbi Yehuda and the Rabbis we establish in the Gemara (Tractate Eruvin 30b-31a) that even regarding an Israelite, the Rabbis dispute upon that of Rabbi Yehudah, and they state that we don’t place the joining of borders (i.e., by placing a enough food for a small meal somewhere within one’s two thousand cubit limit, one establishes that location as one’s residence for Shabbat) in a cemetery but the Mishnah did not mention the Kohen, other to inform us of the strength of Rabbi Yehuda’s [opinion], for even a Kohen they permitted, and in this, they dispute, for Rabbi Yehuda holds that even though it is prohibited to benefit and to use the cemetery, it is permitted to place the Eruv there, for we don’t make a joining of borders other than for a matter of a commandment, but the commandments were not given to benefit from them but even though the Eruv guards after its acquisition , for at twilight it acquires and already the commandment has been performed and it guards there the entire Shabbat, Rabbi Yehuda holds that a person is not strict regarding his Eruv if he lost it or it was stolen after he acquired it, but the Rabbis hold that a person is strict regarding his Eruv after he acquired it and desires that it not be stolen; therefore, when the Eruv is guarded in the cemetery all of Shabbat after he acquired it at twilight and the commandment was completed, it was found that he is using something that is forbidden for benefit, and that the graves are forbidden for benefit and therefore, a person should not leave his Eruv in the cemetery and the Halakha is according to the Sages.
