Jeśli mięso zostało znalezione w azarze, kończyny są (jak się uważa) ofiarami całopalenia [Ponieważ są one cięte w sposób określony dla ofiar całopalnych, jest oczywiste, że są to ofiary całopalne]; Kawałki to ofiary za grzech, [bo tylko ofiary za grzech i ofiary za winę są spożywane w azarze]. W Jerozolimie są to ofiary pokojowe [większość mięsa spożywanego w Jerozolimie to ofiary pokojowe]. Oboje [czy to w azarze, czy w Jerozolimie] muszą przejść „przemianę formy” i zostać spaleni. [Ponieważ stały się niezdolne przez usunięcie uwagi i nie mogą być spożywane. Ale nie można ich „przecenić” i spalić, dopóki nie stracą pewności. Dlatego muszą przejść „przemianę formy”, stając się niezdolnymi przez nothar (pozostawanie poza dozwolonym okresem jedzenia), co w przypadku ofiar pokojowych trwa do trzeciego dnia (po ofierze)]. Jeśli znaleziono go w granicach [miast Izraela], kończyny są padliną [która jest zwykle cięta na kończyny, które są wyrzucane na ulice dla psów], a kawałki są dozwolone, [nie jest praktyką cięcia padliny w kawałki. Ale była to praktyka krojenia koszernego mięsa na małe kawałki, aby sprzedać je Żydom lub wkładać je do garnka. (To jest w mieście, w którym wszyscy są Żydami. Ale w mieście, gdzie są nie-Żydzi, nawet kawałki są zabronione.)] A podczas święta, kiedy jest dużo mięsa [a kończyny nie są krojone na małe kawałki, ale gotowane tak, jak są są], dozwolone są nawet kończyny.
Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
אברים עולות – since it has been dissected in the manner of the dissection that has been explained for burnt-offerings, it is known that they are of the burnt offerings.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
Introduction
This mishnah deals with meat found in various places and how a person should treat that meat do we assume that it comes from a sacrifice? Is it kosher?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
חתיכות חטאות – for we consume nothing in the Temple courtyard other than sin-offerings and guilt-offerings.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
Meat which was found in the Temple courtyard: Limbs: [they must be treated as belonging to] whole burnt-offerings; Pieces: [they must be treated as belonging to] sin-offerings. Burnt-offerings are cut up into limbs before they are brought up to the altar. Therefore, if one finds whole limbs in the Temple courtyard, one must assume that they belong to burnt-offerings. Sin-offerings are eaten by the priests and therefore they are cut up into pieces. If one finds a piece of meat in the Temple courtyard, he therefore must assume that it is a sin-offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
ובירושלים זבחי שלמים – for most of the meat eaten in Jerusalem is that of peace-offerings.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
[Meat which was found] in Jerusalem, [must be treated as belonging to] wellbeing-offerings. Wellbeing offerings can be eaten anywhere in Jerusalem. Therefore, if meat is found outside of the Temple but within Jerusalem, it must be treated as if it was a wellbeing offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
זה וזה – whether it is found in the Temple courtyard or whether it is found in Jerusalem.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
In both cases it must be left to become disqualified and must then go out to the place of burning. In all of the cases in the above two sections, the meat cannot be eaten lest it is impure or “remnant” sacrificial meat which should have already been eaten. It also cannot be burned lest it be fully pure and not remnant and it is prohibited to burn sacrificial meat which can be eaten. What they must do is wait until the meat becomes disqualified from being eaten, one day and night for a sin-offering and two days and one nigh for a wellbeing offering. Then it may be burned outside of the Temple where they burn disqualified meat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
תעובר צורתן – because they have been defiled through being given up/discarding from the mind and are prohibited for eating but we cannot despise them and burn them until they have clearly been defiled. Therefore, they require that its status must be altered/let its appearance be gone (i.e., the flesh looks disfigured by beginning to decay), which is that they be defiled through portions of sacrifices left over beyond the legal time and bound to be burned or the status must be altered for peace-offerings – which is until the third day.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
[Meat which was] found within the borders [of Israel but outside of Jerusalem]: Limbs: [they must be treated as] carrion; Pieces: they are permitted. But [if found] during the time of a festival, when meat is abundant, it is permitted [to eat it] even when cut up in limbs. If it is found outside of Jerusalem, then it is not assumed to be sacrificial meat. If it is in limbs, meaning not cut into proper pieces, then it must be assumed that the animal was not slaughtered properly and that the owner intended to cast the meat to the dogs. This meat cannot be eaten. If it is cut into pieces than we can assume that the meat is kosher, because people don’t bother cutting the meat into proper pieces if it cannot be eaten. However, in the time of the festival when many people eat meat and meat is in abundance even found limbs may be eaten. They may have come from a kosher animal and someone may have had just so much meat that they didn’t bother to cut it properly.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
נמצאו בגבולים – in the cities of Israel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
אברים נבלות – for it is the manner that we sever the carrions (i.e., animals that died a natural death) into limbs and cast them into the streets so that the dogs would eat them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
חתיכות מותרים – for it was not customary to dissect the carrions to pieces but the fit parts, it was customary to cut them into small pieces to sell them to Jews or to place it into the pot, and this law applies in a city that is completely Jewish; but in a city where there are heathens, even the pieces are forbidden.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
שהבשר מרובה – we don’t dissect the flesh into small pieces but cook it by limbs.
