Yetzioth [akty przeprowadzania się z jednej domeny do drugiej] Szabatu [tj. Odnoszące się do Szabatu (Hachnasoth — akty wniesienia —nazywane są również „yetzioth”, ponieważ następuje przenoszenie z jednej domeny do drugiej). Powodem, dla którego mamy „yetzioth” (dosł. „Wyjścia”) zamiast „hotzaoth” („wyniesienie”), jest to, że podąża się za językiem Pisma Świętego, a mianowicie. (Wj 16:29): „Niech człowiek nie wychodzi ze swego miejsca”, co jest wyjaśnione jako odnoszące się do „wykonywania”, tj. Niech człowiek nie wychodzi ze swojego miejsca z naczyniem w ręku, aby zebrać mannę .] (Yetzioth of Shabbath) jest dwóch, [dwóch jest zakazanych przez Torę—hotza'ah i hachnasah vis-à-vis ba'al habayith (mieszkańca domu), który stoi wewnątrz, w domenie prywatnej. A za tych dwóch ponosi odpowiedzialność: za nieumyślne naruszenie - ofiarę za grzech; za pogwałcenie dowcipów, kareth („odcięcie”); i dla ostrzeżenia, ukamienowania, tak jak w przypadku wszystkich innych zakazanych prac szabasowych.], których jest czterech w środku [Rabini dodali dwa jako zabronione ab initio, gdy praca jest wykonywana przez dwóch, z których jeden podnosi; drugi, usypiając. Albowiem (na mocy zarządzenia Tory) dwaj, którzy wykonują pracę (razem), nie ponoszą odpowiedzialności, gdyż jest napisane (Księga Kapłańska 4:27): „… czyniąc to, jedną z micwot Prawa, której nie można wykonać”—robiąc to wszystko, a nie jego część. To samo dotyczy wszystkich prac szabasowych. Mówimy: ten, kto to zrobił, jest odpowiedzialny; dwóch, którzy to zrobili, są zwolnieni.], a czterech na zewnątrz. [dwóch, którzy są objęci zakazem Tory—hotza'ah i hachnasah wobec żebraka, który stoi na zewnątrz, w domenie publicznej. Jest ich czterech, rabini dodali dwóch, zakazać ab initio, gdy jeden podnosi, a drugi odkłada.] Jak to? Żebrak stoi na zewnątrz, a ba'al habayith wewnątrz. Jeśli żebrak wyciągnął rękę [z koszem na bochenki chleba ba'al habayith] w środku, [(„hotza'ah” przedstawiany jako bogacz i biedak), aby nas powiadomić, nawiasem mówiąc, że nadchodząca micwa przestępstwo jest zabronione, i że istnieje za to odpowiedzialność)] i umieścił go w ręce ba'al habayith [w którym to przypadku skutkuje „podniesieniem” (akirah) z domeny publicznej i „odłożeniem” ( hanachah) w domenie prywatnej], lub jeśli wziął (przedmiot) z niego i wyniósł (go) [i umieścił w domenie publicznej, wykonując akirah i hanachah], żebrak jest odpowiedzialny, [wykonując całkowitą pracę . To są dwie prace zabronione przez Torę dla tego, kto stoi na zewnątrz. I chociaż wymagamy akirah z miejsca, które ma cztery na cztery szerokości dłoni i chanacha na miejsce, które ma cztery na cztery, czego tutaj nie ma, ręka żebraka i ba'al habayith nie są tym duże, jest powiedziane w gemara, że ręka mężczyzny jest uważana za cztery na cztery, ponieważ nawet bardzo duże przedmioty są zwykle umieszczane w niej i z niej zabierane.], a ba'al habayith jest zwolniony [zwolniony i jest absolutnie dozwolone, bo nic nie zrobił]. Jeśli ba'al habayith wyciągnął rękę na zewnątrz i umieścił ją (przedmiot) w dłoni żebraka, lub jeśli wziął (przedmiot) z niego i przyniósł (go), ba'al habayith ponosi odpowiedzialność i żebracz jest zwolniony. [To są dwie roboty zabronione przez Torę dla tego stojącego w środku.] Jeśli żebrak wyciągnął rękę do środka [sprawiając akirah z domeny publicznej], a ba'al habayith wziął z niej [i odłożył ją do środka, wprowadzając chanachę w domena prywatna]; jeśli on (ba'al habayith) umieścił (przedmiot) w nim, [wyprowadzając akirah z domeny prywatnej], a on [żebracz] wyjął go [i umieścił w domenie publicznej], obaj są zwolnieni, [bo żaden z nich nie wykonał całej pracy. Ale nie wolno im tego robić, aby każdy sam w sobie nie przyszedł, aby wykonać całą pracę w szabat. Są to dwie roboty zabronione przez rabinów, jedną dla żebraka na zewnątrz, a drugą dla ba'al habayith wewnątrz. (Powód, dla którego nie wymieniono dwóch aktów dla każdego—akirah dla żebraka i akirah dla ba'al habayith; hanachah dla żebraka i chanachah dla ba'al habayith—jest to, że tylko akiroth mają znaczenie w tym względzie, ponieważ są początkiem pracy i należy się obawiać, że może ją ukończyć; ale hanachoth, które są końcem pracy, nie są brane pod uwagę.)] Jeśli ba'al habayith wyciągnął rękę na zewnątrz, a żebrak wziął z niej, lub jeśli on (żebrak) umieścił (przedmiot) w niej, a on (ba'al habayith) przyniósł to, obaj są zwolnieni.
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
יציאות השבת – transferring an object from one domain to [another] domain (i.e., removing taking out of the house – see Talmud Shabbat 2b) that are mentioned concerning the Sabbath and carrying in are also called transferring since one takes out from one domain to another domain. And the fact that [the Mishnah] teaches יציאות /carrying (on the Sabbath) and it does not teach הוצאות /transferring, is because it uses the language of the Bible, as it is written (Exodus 16:29): “Let no one leave his place [on the seventh day],” and from it, we derive transferring, that a person should not leave with a utensil in his hand to collect the Manna.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
Introduction
Tractate Shabbat begins with a formulaic teaching about the prohibition of carrying. The remainder of the chapter discusses preparations before Shabbat, but it seems that the Mishnah’s editors wanted to begin with a mishnah that contains the formula “two which are four”. This is the same way that tractate Shevuoth began, and it seems that this type of opening was often preferred by the Mishnah. Indeed, Abraham Goldberg (whose Hebrew critical commentary on Shabbat I will use from time to time published by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America) notes that about half of the tractates of the Mishnah begin with numbers or an issue related to numbers. Goldberg also believes that opening the tractate with a mishnah concerning carrying something from one domain to another was intended as a polemic against the Sadducees who did not agree with the Pharisees in all of the details of these laws.
The prohibition of carrying will be further discussed later on in chapter five and will continue to be discussed through chapter eleven.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
שתים שהן ארבע – two from the Torah, transferring an object and carrying [it] in to the house owner who stands inside in the private domain, and on these two, a person is liable for a sin-offering for his inadvertent violation, and divine punishment by premature/sudden death for a willful violation, and stoning for his being warned, like in all the rest of the prohibited labors of Shabbat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
The mishnah lists eight slightly different scenarios in which an object is brought from outside in the public domain to inside the house, the private domain. These scenarios can be divided twice. In the first four examples a person has performed a complete action, taking something from one domain and bringing into another and is therefore liable. In two of these cases the object is brought in and in two it is taken out. In the second four cases, the two people share in bringing the object in or taking it out and hence they are both exempt (remember that this does not mean that this is permitted.) These cases can also be divided into two subcategories. The mishnah probably uses the example of a poor person standing outside and a householder inside because this is a realistic situation and it will be easier to remember.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
שהן ארבע – from their words (i.e., the Rabbis), they added two, to prohibit ab initio a case where the work is done by two people – this one uprooting and this place setting it down, for two who did it are exempt, as it states (Leviticus 4:27): “by doing any of the things which by the LORD’s commandments ought not to be done, [and he realizes his guilt].” The one who does all of it, but not the one who does part of it, and similarly, in all the labors of Shabbat we say that an individual who did it is liable; two who did it are exempt.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
The carryings out of Shabbat are two which are four from the inside, and two which are four from the outside. How is this so? The poor man stands outside and the householder stands inside: If the poor man reaches his hand inside and places [something] into the hand of the householder, The poor man is liable because he took something from the public domain and brought it in.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
שתים שהן ארבע בחוץ – two from the Torah, taking out and carrying in for the poor person who stands outside in the public domain.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
or if he takes [something] from it and carries it out, the poor man is liable, and the householder is exempt. The poor man is liable because he took something out. In both cases the householder has not done anything and hence he is exempt.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
שהן ארבע – from their words (i.e., the Rabbis), they added two to prohibit ab initio, as this person uproots it and the other person sets it down.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
If the householder reaches his hand outside and places [an object] in the poor man's hand, The householder has brought something out and is liable.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
פשט העני את ידו – and in it is a box or a basket that he receives in it loaves of bread from the owner of the house, and for this reason, [the Mishnah] took hold of the language of הוצאה /removal in the language of the poor person and the rich person, for it incidentally comes to teach us that a commandment that comes through a transgression is prohibited and they are liable upon it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
or takes [something] and carries it in, the master is liable, while the poor man is exempt. The householder brought something in.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ונתן לתוך ידו של בעל הבית – that he performs uprooting from the public domain and placement in the private domain.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
If the poor man reaches his hand inside and the master takes [an object] from it, The poor man brought something in, but is not liable because he didn’t put it down in the private domain. Rather the householder took it out of his hands. Both are exempt even though together they have performed a forbidden act of work. We now learn that in order to be liable the person must uproot something from one domain and put it down in another domain. One is not liable for half of an activity.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
או שנטל מתוכה והוציא – the object, and placed it in the public domain, and performed uprooting and placing down.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
העני חייב – as he did complete work, for it is two from the Torah for the person standing outside, and even though we require uprooting from the place where he will be four handbreadths by four handbreadths and setting down in a place where he will be four-by-four [handbreadths] and there isn’t found there [that amount] for the hand of the poor person and the owner of the house, there isn’t there a place where there will be four-by-four [handbreadths] , we say in the Gemara (Talmud Shabbat 5a) that the hand of a person is considered as four-by-four [handbreadths], since it is made to place it down and to take from it objects and even many large ones.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
or places [an object] in it and he carries it out, both are exempt; The poor man didn’t pick the object up so he’s not liable and the householder didn’t bring it out so he’s not liable. Both are exempt.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
If the householder stretches his hand outside and the poor man takes [an object] from it, The householder picks up an object and brings his hand out of the house but the poor man takes the object out of his hand. Both have performed half of a forbidden labor and both are exempt.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ובעל הבית פטור – he (i.e., the owner of the house) is exempt and it is completely permitted, for he had not done anything.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
or places [an article] in it and he carries it inside, both are exempt. Finally, the poor man puts the object in the householder’s hand and the householder brings it inside, so again both have performed half of a forbidden labor and again both are exempt.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
פשט בעל הבית כו' בעל הבית חייב – for this is two from the Torah for the person who stands inside.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
פשט העני כו' – for the poor person made an uprooting from the public domain.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ונטל בעל הבית מתוכה – and placed it inside, for the owner of the house did a placing down [of the object] in the private domain.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
והוציא – the poor person [removed it] and placed it down in the public domain.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
שניהם פטורים – for neither of them had done a complete [cycle] of work/labor. But it is prohibited to do this lest everyone come on his own to do a complete [cycle of] work on the Sabbath day. There are two [forms of work] “from their words” (i.e., from the Rabbis), one for the poor person outside and one for the owner of the house inside. But it is not considered two for each one of them, uprooting for the poor person and uprooting for owner of the house, placing down for the poor person and placing down for the owner of the house, because it is not considered other than uprooting [of things] which are the beginning of the work and there is a fear lest he complete it, but placing down, which is the end of the work, is not considered.
