Komentarz do Ohalot 2:2
רְבִיעִית דָּם, וּרְבִיעִית דַּם תְּבוּסָה מִמֵּת אֶחָד. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים. דַּם קָטָן שֶׁיָּצָא כֻלּוֹ, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, כָּל שֶׁהוּא. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, רְבִיעִית. כַּזַּיִת רִמָּה, בֵּין חַיָּה בֵּין מֵתָה, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַמֵּא כִבְשָׂרוֹ, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִים. אֵפֶר שְׂרוּפִים, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, שִׁעוּרוֹ בְרֹבַע, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִין. מְלֹא תַרְוָד וְעוֹד עֲפַר קְבָרוֹת, טָמֵא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מְטַהֵר. מְלֹא תַרְוָד רָקָב שֶׁגְּבָלוֹ בְמַיִם, אֵינוֹ חִבּוּר לְטֻמְאָה:
Revi'it [specyficzna jednostkę objętości] krwi i Revi'it mieszanej krwi od jednego ciała [impurify przez przysłania]. Rabin Akiva mówi: [nawet] z dwóch ciał. Krew dziecka, która wypłynęła całkowicie: rabin Akiva mówi dowolną ilość, mędrcy mówią Revi'it . Rabin Eliezer uważa, że porcja robaków wielkości oliwek, żywych lub martwych, jest nieczysta jak jego ciało. A Mędrcy uważają to za czyste. Prochy osób poddanych kremacji: rabin Eliezer mówi, że środkiem [do oczyszczenia] jest Rova . A Mędrcy uważają to za czyste. Chochla i więcej pyłu grobowego jest nieczyste. Rabin Szimon uważa to za czyste. Chochla rozłożonych zwłok zagniatanych wodą nie łączy się, by stać się nieczystymi.
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
רביעית דם (a quarter-LOG of blood) – that all of it left [the body] after death.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
Introduction
Our mishnah continues to list substances that defile through overshadowing.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
ורביעית דם תבוסה (a quarter LOG of blood that flows from a person at the time of his death or afterwards – which has the status of a corpse) – that part of a quarter [of a LOG] of blood while living and after death. And further ahead in Chapter 3 [Mishnah 5], it explains this.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
[The following likewise defile:]
A quarter [of a log] of blood, A quarter of a log is about 1/8 of a liter. Less than half a can of coke, for those of you who drink the stuff (coke, not blood).
A quarter [of a log] of blood, A quarter of a log is about 1/8 of a liter. Less than half a can of coke, for those of you who drink the stuff (coke, not blood).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
תבוסה – it is the language of (Ezekiel 16:6): “[When I passed by you and saw you] wallowing in your blood, [I said to you: [Live in spite of your blood’].” And the quarter [of a LOG] of blood all of which exited [the body] after death, is from the Rabbis, as it is written (Numbers 19:13): “[Whoever touches] a corpse, the body of person who has died.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
A quarter [of a log] of mixed blood from one corpse. Rabbi Akiva says: [even] from two corpses. Mixed blood is a mixture of blood from a corpse with blood from a living person (that doesn't defile). If there is a quarter of a log of such blood, it too defiles. Rabbi Akiva says that even blood that comes from two different corpses defiles, if there is a minimum mixture.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
But [the concept] of דם תבוסה/that part of a quarter [of a LOG] that flows from a person at the time of his death or afterwards. For the Rabbis hold that there is "יש אם למסורת" /the consonantal text of the Torah is authoritative [when looking at Leviticus 21:11): "ועל כל נפשות מת לא יבא"/He shall not go in where there is any dead body,” [the word] נפשת/dead, is written defectively (i.e., without the letter “Vav” In it).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
[With regard to] the blood of a child that has completely flowed forth: Rabbi Akiva says: [it defiles] in even the smallest quantity, But the sages say: [there must be] a quarter [of a log]. A small child does not have nearly as much blood as an adult. Therefore, Rabbi Akiva says that even the smallest quantity of blood will cause impurity. However, the other rabbis do not make such a distinction. There must always be a quarter of a log for it to cause impurity through an ohel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
רבי עקיבא אומר משני מתים – one-half of a quarter [of a LOG of blood] from this dead person and one-half of a quarter [of a LOG of blood] from another dead person, defiles in the tent, for he (i.e., Rabbi Akiba) holds, "יש אם למקרא"/the vocalized text of the Torah is authoritative, [as the Biblical verse from Leviticus 21:11) is pronounced: "נפשות מת"/any dead body, implying two souls and one measurement, for since it does not state [in Scripture] "נפשות מתים"/dead bodies. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Akiba.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
[With regard to] an olive-sized [portion] of [corpse] worms whether alive or dead: Rabbi Eliezer declares [it] unclean, like the flesh, But the sages declare [it] clean. You're going to love this one. According to Rabbi Eliezer, the worms that come and out of a corpse are treated as if they were part of the corpse itself and if there is the minimum amount, they convey impurity like the corpse. The other rabbis say that these worms are clean (but you might still want to wash your hands after handling them).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
ר' עקיבא אומר כל שהוא – just bones defile with the majority of the number of bones and the majority of the frame, even though one-quarter of a Kab which is the designated measurement for bones, so also, it is defiled if the blood of minor – all of which exited the body, even though it doesn’t have the quarter [of a LOG] which the designated measure for blood.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
[With regard to] the ashes of burnt persons: Rabbi Eliezer says: the [minimum] quantity [for defilement is] a quarter [of a kav]. But the sages declare [them to be] clean. Rabbi Eliezer holds that even the ashes of human remains can defile, if there is the same minimum amount as there is of flesh. But the other rabbis disagree. They seem to hold that burning the body obliterates the source of impurity. Perhaps we could even extend this opinion and explain that according to the rabbis burning destroys any of the once-alive spirit that remains in the body (perhaps this is also at least one of the reasons that cremation is prohibited.) We should also note that Rabbi Eliezer seems to hold what we have deemed elsewhere a "realistic" position. The corpse is found in the worms, therefore they defile. The ashes contain the corpse, therefore they too defile. The rabbis hold more of a "nominalistic" position. The worms are not considered by definition to be a corpse, nor are ashes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
וחכמים אומרים רביעית – if you were to say that with the bones that it is known that all of them are in front of you, shall you say regarding the blood that I state that there remains a drop of any amount and that not all of it has come out? But the Halakha is according to the Sages.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
A ladleful and [a little] more of grave-dust is unclean. Rabbi Shimon declares [it to be] clean. In yesterday's mishnah we learned that a ladleful of corpse mold transmits impurity. According to Rabbi Shimon, a ladleful plus a little more of earth taken from under a corpse will contain a ladleful of corpse. Therefore, it transmits impurity.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
כזית רמה –[a olive’s bulk of a worm] that was born in the flesh of the corpse.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
A ladleful of corpse-mold mixed with water is not [regarded as] joined [into one mass] for [the purposes of] defilement. This section contains a special rule concerning a ladleful of corpse mold. The pieces of corpse in such mold are considered to be separate from each other, even if they have been mixed in with water. Therefore, if one touches such mold he is not impure, because he has touched a piece of corpse that is less than an olive's worth. However, the ladleful still transmits impurity through overshadowing and carrying because there is a total amount of corpse sufficient to transmit impurity.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
מטמא כבשרו – that a room that comes out from the corpse even while living, is considered to be like the flesh of a corpse, because, a person while alive is called a worm, as it is written (Job 25:6): “How much less man, a worm, [the Son of man, a maggot].”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
וחכמים מטהרים – And the Halakha is according to the Sages.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
אפר שרופים – a person that was burned and became ash, and the ash of wood was not combined in it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
שעורו ברובע – [a quarter] of a Kab of ash, defiles.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
וחכמים מטהרי – And the Halakha is according to the Sages.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
עפר קברות – dirt that the blood and moistness of the corpse is mixed in. And a spoonful of dust and a bit more is impure, because it is impossible to fill a spoon and a bit more so that there would not be in it a spoonful (i.e., two handfuls) of the body of a corpse when its moisture has departed, that it stated above (i.e., in Mishnah 1 of this chapter) that this is impure, But here, it also speaks of a corpse that is buried naked in a marble coffin/bier which has other dirt mixed into it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
ר' שמעון מטהר – But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
אימנו חיבור לטומהא – for if it had overshadowed over part of it, it is not as if it overshadowed over all of it. And similarly, regarding the matter of contact/touching.
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