Komentarz do Nidda 2:6
חֲמִשָּׁה דָמִים טְמֵאִים בָּאִשָּׁה. הָאָדֹם, וְהַשָּׁחֹר, וּכְקֶרֶן כַּרְכּוֹם, וּכְמֵימֵי אֲדָמָה, וּכְמָזוּג. בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אַף כְּמֵימֵי תִלְתָּן וּכְמֵימֵי בָשָׂר צָלִי. וּבֵית הִלֵּל מְטַהֲרִין. הַיָּרֹק, עֲקַבְיָא בֶן מַהֲלַלְאֵל מְטַמֵּא, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִים. אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר, אִם אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא מִשּׁוּם כֶּתֶם, מְטַמֵּא מִשּׁוּם מַשְׁקֶה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, לֹא כָךְ וְלֹא כָךְ:
Pięć rodzajów [barw] krwi w kobiecie jest nieczystych: czerwona i czarna, jak blask krokusa i jak woda ziemska i jak rozcieńczone wino. Beit Shammai mówi: także jak woda z kozieradki i jak wody pieczonego mięsa. A Beit Hillel uważa te [ostatnie dwa] za czyste. Jeśli chodzi o to, co jest żółte [dosłownie: zielone], Akavia ben Mahalalel uważa to za nieczyste, a Mędrcy uważają to za czyste. Rabin Meir powiedział: nawet jeśli nie czyni nieczystości plamą [krwi], to [niemniej] czyni nieczystość cieczą. Rabin Yose mówi: ani tak, ani tak.
Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
חמשה דמים טמאים – in Scripture it is written "דמיה"/her blood - twice regarding the defilement of the blood that is in a woman (Leviticus 20:18): “and she has exposed her blood flow”/והיא גלתה את-מקור דמיה" and (Leviticus 12:7): “she shall then be pure from her flow of blood”/וטהרה ממקר דמיה and the limitation of her blood is two, which makes four bloods: red, the color of bright-colored crocus, and [blood] which is like water mixed with earth and [blood] which is like water mixed with wine. But the black [color] is included within red, and this we state in the Gemara (Tractate Niddah 19a) this black is red but that it was afflicted by disease.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
Introduction
The rabbis distinguished pure blood (blood that is not considered to have come from the uterus) from impure blood (uterine blood) by virtue of its color. In our mishnah the rabbis list which colors are pure and which are not.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
וכקרן כרכום – like the appearance of the splendor of crocus/saffron, the language of (Exodus 34:29): “that the skin of his (i.e., Moses’) face was radiant.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
Five kinds of blood in a woman are unclean: red, black, like bright crocus, like earthy water, or like diluted wine. All of these shades are considered to be menstrual blood and are impure. Tomorrow's mishnah will further describe these shades and what real world things actually look like them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
וכמימי אדמה – all of them our Mishnah explains further on (see Mishnah 7).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
Bet Shammai says: also like fenugreek water or the juice of roasted meat. But Bet Hillel declares these clean. Bet Shammai and Bet Hillel disagree as to whether blood the color or fenugreek water or the juice of roasted meat is impure. This is likely a very weak red color.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
וכמזוג - like red wine that is mixed in water.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
One that is yellow: Akavia ben Mahalalel declares unclean And the sages declare clean. We should note that the word that I have translated here as yellow is actually green. The truth is that in the ancient world the two colors were often identified as one. Indeed the words for yellow and green don't even appear that often in the Mishnah (mostly in Tractate Negaim). Since blood is usually red, it is likely that the word "green" here means a pale color, such as that of an etrog. In any case, the status of this blood is also disputed.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
וכמימי תלתן – water that they steep in it fenugree. PINKEERIKO in the foreign language.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
Rabbi Meir said: even if it does not convey uncleanness as a bloodstain it conveys uncleanness as a liquid. Rabbi Yose says: it does neither the one nor the other. Referring to this yellow blood, Rabbi Meir says that while he agrees with Rabbi Akiva that this blood does not count as a menstrual stain, the blood is still impure because it is a liquid that comes from a menstruant. As we will learn in 4:3, urine and spit that come from a menstruant (and some other categories of impure people) are impure. Rabbi Yose disagrees with Rabbi Meir and says that according to those sages who say that such blood is not menstrual blood, it is also not impure due to liquid impurity. Only spit and urine are impure.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
וכמימי בשר צלי – thin secretion that comes out from roasted meat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
ובית הלל מתירין – There are three disputes in the matter. The first Tanna/teacher who stated that there are five impure bloods and nothing more. He holds that the waters of fenugreek and the waters of waters of roasted meat are suspended, we don’t eat nor do we burn them. But the School of Shammai defiles them, and burns upon them heave-offering and holy things. But the School of Hillel makes them completely pure. And the Halakha is according to the first Tanna/teacher, who suspends them/holds them in abeyance.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
עקביא בן מהללאל מטמא (see also Tractate Eduyot, Chapter 5, Mishnah 6) – that he holds that this green is like the color of the bright-colored crocus, but that it was afflicted with disease. But the green that Akavya ben Mehalalel defiles this is like the appearance of the Etrog, but not like the appearance of leek-green stuff, which does not turn to a reddish color at all.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
וחכמים מטהרין – and there are three disputes also regarding the green. The first Tanna/teacher holds that we hold it in suspense/abeyance we don’t consume it nor do we burn it. But Akavya ben Mehalalel defiles it and burns it. And the Sages purify it and consume it. But the Halakha is according to the first Tanna/teacher.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
אם אינו מטמא משום כתם(if I does not impart uncleanness because it is a bloodstain) – to be considered from among the bloods that defile a woman.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
מטמא משום משקה – and considered as blood to make seeds susceptible to receive ritual impurity like all the rest of blood. And it is one of the seven liquids that make the seeds susceptible (see Tracttae Makhshirin, Chapter 6, Mishnah 4).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
לא כך ולא כך – it does not defile because of being a bloodstain, nor does it make seeds susceptible [to receive ritual impurity]. But the Halakha is according to Rabbi Yossi, and he is “the Sages” that dispute against Akavya [ben Mehalalel].
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