Zakłada się, że wszystkie kobiety są czyste dla swoich mężów [tj. Mężowie mogą zakładać, że ich żony są czyste]. Ci, którzy wracają z podróży, uważa się, że ich żony są dla nich czyste. Beit Shammai mówi: potrzebuje dwóch sprawdzających ubrań [dosłownie: świadków] za każdym razem, gdy ma stosunek [tj. Aby mogła je sprawdzić następnego dnia], albo musi mieć relacje przy świetle świecy [tj. Musi użyj szmatki sprawdzającej po stosunku i obejrzyj ją wtedy przy świecach]. Beit Hillel mówi: dwie kratki wystarczą jej na całą noc.
Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
כל הנשים בחזקת טהרה לבעליהן – and he doesn’t need to ask her if she is [ritually] pure. And these words [apply], when he left her in a presumption/state of [ritual] purity.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
All women are in the presumption of being pure for their husband. What this means is that men do not need to ask their wives before they have intercourse if they are menstruating. Men can assume that their wives are ritually pure and that if they were menstruating, they would let them know.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
הבאין מן הדרך נשיהן להן בחזקת טהורה – that you might think I would say that these words [apply], where that he is in the town, that he is lying to her and she examined herself, but not where he is not in the town, that he didn’t lie to her, it comes to teach the opposite. Two pieces of cloth for every sexual intercourse. One before and one afterwards, and on the morrow, she will examine them (see Tractate Niddah 15a).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
For those who return from a journey, their wives are in the presumption of being pure. One might have thought that when a man is away from the house, his wife might not be careful about her own ritual purity. After all, she is not supposed to be having sex while he is away, so why should she care about being ritually pure? The mishnah teaches that even so, when he returns home, he can assume that his wife is pure, for if she was not, she would tell him.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Niddah
Bet Shammai says: a woman needs two testing-rags for every time she has intercourse, or she must have relations in the light of a lamp. Bet Hillel says: two testing-rags suffice her for the whole night. If a woman has sexual relations with her husband multiple times during the night, the mishnah says that she needs two testing-rags for each time, one for her and one for him. In the morning, when it is light outside, she can look at them to see if any rag has blood on it. Alternatively, she should check the rags by light after each intercourse to make sure there is no blood on it from the previous time before she uses it to check on herself again. There are two explanations for Bet Hillel's position. Either they can simply use two testing rags one time at the end of the night, after the last time they have intercourse. Alternatively, this might mean that they can simply use the same rags to check themselves repeatedly throughout the night.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
או תשמש לאור הנר – and she will heck after sexual intercourse until she wipes herself with it (i.e., the cloth).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Niddah
דיה בשני עדים כל הלילה – one prior to the first sexual intercourse, and one after the final sexual intercourse. But even though that she did not know if she had seen blood between one and the other [act of sexual intercourse], whether according to the School of Shammai or whether according to the School of Hillel, it does not matter to us, for it was not needed other than for matter of [ritual] purity.
