Jeśli ktoś wrzucił kamień do domeny publicznej i kogoś zabił, zostaje wygnany. [Chociaż brzmi to prawie jak „dowcip”, należy bowiem wziąć pod uwagę, że w domenie publicznej zawsze są ludzie, mówimy tutaj o stosie śmieci w domenie publicznej, gdzie ludzie zwykle pomagają sobie w nocy, ale rzadko w ciągu dnia (kiedy rzucił kamieniem). Z tego powodu jest wygnany; albowiem nie jest on ani umyślnym winowajcą, ani całkowicie bez winy.] Jeśli po tym, jak kamień opuścił jego rękę, drugi wystawił głowę i został nim uderzony (i zabity), nie ponosi odpowiedzialności [jest napisane (Pwt 19: 5): „… i znajdzie swojego sąsiada”—wykluczyć jego stawienie się]. Jeśli wrzucił kamień do swojej posiadłości i kogoś zabił, jeśli ten ostatni miał pozwolenie [od właściciela] na wejście tam, jest wygnany; jeśli nie, to nie jest wygnany, jak jest napisane (Powtórzonego Prawa 19: 5): „A kto przychodzi do swego sąsiada w lesie, aby rąbać drewno, itd.”: Tak jak las jest miejscem, gdzie zabójca i zabity zostały wpuszczone (więc wszystkie takie miejsca są objęte tą halachą)—wykluczyć dziedziniec pogromcy, na który oboje nie mieli prawa wejść (a jedynie właściciel). Abba Shaul mówi: Tak jak rąbanie drewna jest (tylko) dozwoloną czynnością, [tj. Jeśli chce, idzie rąbać; jeśli nie, nie], więc wszystkie (tylko dozwolone czynności są objęte halachah)— wykluczyć ojca bijącego syna, [ojca wykonującego micwę], nauczyciela karcącego swojego ucznia i komornika z betdin (bicie kogoś na rozkaz Beth-dina).
Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
זרק את האבן לרשות הרבים – and even though it is close to acting with premeditation, for he should have thought that people would always be found in the public domain. Here we are dealing with a dunghill that was made in the public domain to be removed from there during the daytime and occasionally, it happens that he sits thee, and because of this, he is exiled, but it is not negligence nor is it totally unavoidably preventable (i.e., victim of an accident).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
Introduction
Mishnah two continues to define what killing is considered accidental such that it allows a killer to escape to a city of refuge.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
והוציא הלה את ראשו וקבלה פטור – As it is written (Deuteronomy 19:5): “[…the ax-head flies off the handle] and strikes the other [so that he dies. That man shall flee to one of these cities and live].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
If a man threw a stone into the public domain and killed a person, he goes into banishment. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob says: “If after the stone had left his hand another person put out his head and caught it, the thrower is exempt [from banishment].” One who throws a stone into the public domain has thereby committed a negligent act and is exiled if the stone kills. According to Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob the stone must be thrown at the place where a person is standing, before the stone is thrown. If after the stone is thrown a person moves into its way he is not liable to be exiled. This is probably because he is less negligent, having thrown a stone to a place where no one was standing. However, according to the first opinion in the mishnah, merely throwing a stone to a place that might kill is enough to cause the thrower to be exiled.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
אם יש רשות לניזק – if the owner gave him permission to enter
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
If a man threw a stone into his [own] court and killed a person, then, if the victim had a right of entry there, the thrower goes into banishment, and if not, he does not go into banishment, as it says, “As when a man goes into the forest with his neighbor” (Deut. 19:5): the forest is a domain accessible to the victim and to the slayer and it therefore excludes the court of the householder where the victim has no right of entry. If a person throws a stone into his own courtyard and it kills a trespasser the thrower is not liable to be exiled. This is learned from the example of accidental killing mentioned in Deuteronomy 19:5, that of an accidental killing taking place in the forest. Just as the forest is a place where anyone may enter, so too any accidental killing can only occur in a place where the victim had permission to enter. An accidental killing which takes place on private property when the victim had not been given permission to enter will not make the killer liable for exile.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
מה חטיבת עצים רשות – if he wants to go up to chop [wood], and if he does not want to, he does not go up.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
Abba Shaul says: “Hewing of wood is an optional act and it therefore excludes a father beating his son, or a master disciplining his pupil, or an agent of the court [administering lashes].” Abba Shaul learns another law from the example given in the Torah, that of a person chopping wood. Chopping wood is a voluntary activity and therefore any accidental killing which will force the killer to go into exile must also entail voluntary activities. If however the striking was mandatory such as a father disciplining his son, a master his student or a court agent administering lashes, the accidental killer is exempt. When reading this mishnah, as harsh as it sounds we must remember that corporal discipline was an accepted part of all ancient societies.
