[Są] cztery [osoby], które są [uważane] za Mechusar Kippurim [ten, który oczyścił się przez zanurzenie, ale który nadal musi przynieść ofiarę przed spożyciem mięsa ofiarnego] i [są] cztery [osoby], które składają ofiarę za umyślne występki, tak jak za niezamierzone przestępstwa. Oto Mechusar Kippurim : Zav [mężczyzna cierpiący na rzeżączkę], Zavah [kobieta z krwawieniem typu menstruacyjnego występującego w innym czasie niż jej normalny okres], kobieta, która urodziła, i Metzora [jedna poważnie zanieczyszczone przez brzydką chorobę skóry; po odzyskaniu i oczyszczeniu musi przynosić ofiary]. Rabin Eliezer ben Yaakov mówi: Nawrócony [ma status] Mechusar Kapparah, dopóki krew nie zostanie za niego pokropiona [na ołtarzu]; a Nazir [osoba, która przysięga powstrzymać się od wszelkich produktów winogronowych, takich jak wino, od obcinania włosów i unikania trupiej nieczystości] [zależy od dopuszczenia jego ofiar] jego wina, strzyżenia włosów i nieczystości.
Bartenura on Mishnah Keritot
ארבעה מחוסרי כפרה (four whose atonement is incomplete) – that they bring an atonement (i.e., a sacrifice), but not for the sin, but rather to [be able to] eat Holy Things.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Keritot
Introduction
Generally a person who is impure and then immerses in a mikveh can begin to eat sacrifices after immersion. However, there are four categories of people who must first bring sacrifices before they can eat other sacrifices. This process is called “a ceremony of atonement.”
Our mishnah also mentions another category, but since tomorrow’s mishnah discusses it more fully, we shall explain it tomorrow.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Keritot
והמצורע – and this is also not considered for the lepers/metzoras, just as that it considers males with a flux and females with a flux, because the for the male with a flux and the female with a flux, the essence of their ritual defilement is disputed, for a male with a flux defiles through sightings and even if he saw three sightings in one day he is ritually defiled and brings one sacrifice, but the female with a flux does not bring a sacrifice until she sees three days one after another, therefore, we consider them as two [different entities], but the male leper and the female leper, the essence of their ritual defilement is not divided, as for both of them, the measurement of their defilement is like the size of a bean.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Keritot
There are four persons who require a ceremony of atonement, and there are four who bring a sacrifice for willful as well as for inadvertent transgression. This section introduces today’s and tomorrow’s mishnah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Keritot
גר מחוסר כפרה – The first Tanna/teacher [of the Mishnah] holds that a convert, since he circumcised and immersed [in a Mikveh], is permitted to eat Holy Things, and the sacrifice is not indispensable other than to enter into the community (See Exodus 24:8 – “Moses took the blood and dashed it on the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that the LORD now makes with you concerning these commands.”). Therefore, he is not considered among the general group of those whose atonement is incomplete.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Keritot
The following are those who require a ceremony of atonement: the zav, the zavah, the woman who gave birth and the metzora. A “zav” is a man who has an abnormal genital discharge (see Leviticus 15:15) and a “zavah” is a woman with an abnormal genital discharge (see Leviticus 15:29-30). Both must bring sacrifices before they complete their purification process. So must a woman who gave birth (as we learned in 1:3) and a person who had some type of skin disease (Leviticus 14:10ff).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Keritot
עד שיזרוק עליו הדם – if he didn’t bring the sacrifice of cattle. But if he brought the burnt offering of fowl, until its blood will be emptied out onto the wall of the altar.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Keritot
Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said: also a convert is regarded as a person who still requires a ceremony of atonement until the blood has been sprinkled for him; the same applies to the nazirite with reference to wine, haircutting and uncleanness. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob adds two more to this list. A convert who has already been circumcised (if he is a man, of course) and immersed in the mikveh, must bring a sacrifice. He cannot eat sacrifices until the blood from the olah that he brings is sprinkled on the altar. Similarly, a nazirite cannot drink wine, cut his hair or become impure from contact with a dead body until he brings his sacrifices (see Numbers 6:14 and Mishnah Nazir 6:9). Both of these are also cases where a person needs to bring a sacrifice to complete the process of purification.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Keritot
ונזיר ליינו ותגלחתו – the sacrifice [brought] by the Nazirite permits him to drink wine and to cut his hair and to become defiled to the dead, for even though he has completed the days of his Nazirite [vow], he is not permitted to have wine or to cut his hair or to become defiled by the dead until he brings a sacrifice. But the first Tanna/teacher [of the Mishnah] does not consider the Nazirite, and doesn’t teach other than those who would be permitted to Holy Things, but the Nazirite when he brings a sacrifice, is permitted to have wine, which is unconsecrated.
