Komentarz do Kelim 10:1
אֵלּוּ כֵלִים מַצִּילִין בְּצָמִיד פָּתִיל, כְּלֵי גְלָלִים, כְּלֵי אֲבָנִים, כְּלֵי אֲדָמָה, כְּלֵי חֶרֶס, וּכְלֵי נֶתֶר, עַצְמוֹת הַדָּג וְעוֹרוֹ, עַצְמוֹת חַיָּה שֶׁבַּיָּם וְעוֹרָהּ, וּכְלֵי עֵץ הַטְּהוֹרִים. מַצִּילִים בֵּין מִפִּיהֶם בֵּין מִצִּדֵּיהֶן, בֵּין יוֹשְׁבִין עַל שׁוּלֵיהֶן בֵּין מֻטִּין עַל צִדֵּיהֶן. הָיוּ כְפוּיִים עַל פִּיהֶן, מַצִּילִים כֹּל שֶׁתַּחְתֵּיהֶן עַד הַתְּהוֹם. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַמֵּא. עַל הַכֹּל מַצִּילִין, חוּץ מִכְּלֵי חֶרֶס, שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַצִּיל אֶלָּא עַל הָאֳכָלִים וְעַל הַמַּשְׁקִין וְעַל כְּלֵי חָרֶס:
Następujące naczynia chronią swoją zawartość, gdy mają szczelnie przylegającą pokrywę: te wykonane z łajna bydlęcego, kamienia, gliny, gliny, węglanu sodu, kości ryby lub jej skóry lub kości innych zwierzę morskie lub ze skóry oraz drewniane statki, które nie są zanieczyszczone. Oni chronią, czy [kołdry zamykają się] ich usta, czy boki, czy stoją na dole, czy opierają się o boki. Jeśli byli przewróceni z ustami do dołu, chronili wszystko, co pod nimi, aż do głębin. Rabin Eliezer stwierdza, że jest to nieczyste. Chronią one wszystko, z wyjątkiem tego, że gliniane naczynie chroni tylko żywność, płyny i naczynia gliniane.
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
אלו כלים. כלי גללים – of the dung of cattle.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
Introduction Finally, a mishnah whose focus is not ovens! The tenth chapter of Kelim deals with the types of vessels who remain clean if they have a tightly fitting lid. This halakhah is rooted in Numbers 19:14-15 which reads: "14 This is the ritual: When a person dies in a tent, whoever enters the tent and whoever is in the tent shall be unclean seven days; 15 and every open vessel, with no lid fastened down, shall be unclean."
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
כלי אבנים וכלי אדמה – for all of these they lack defilement whether from the words of the Torah or from the words of the Scribes/סופרים, and therefore they protect/save [from defilement in the airspace of a tent with a corpse] with an airtight lid. But even though that every open vessel (see Numbers 19:15), Scripture is speaking of an earthenware vessel, in a vessel that the defilement precedes its opening that is an earthenware vessel that becomes defiled from its airspace, nevertheless, we include the rest of the utensils that protect/save, as it is written (Numbers 19:15): "וכל כלי פתוח"/”And every open vessel, [with no lid fastened down, shall be impure].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
The following vessels protect their contents when they have a tightly fitting cover: those made of cattle dung, of stone, of clay, of earthenware, of sodium carbonate, of the bones of a fish or of its skin, or of the bones of any animal of the sea or of its skin, and wooden vessels that are always clean. Vessels made of the materials listed in this section protect their contents from becoming unclean if the vessel is found in a tent (any building) with a dead body in it. We should note that vessels made of cattle dung, stone and clay (that has not been fired in a kiln) are never susceptible to impurity. Similarly most vessels made of the skins of fish or animals of the sea are not susceptible to impurity. There are wooden vessels that are susceptible to impurity and there are some that are not. Basically, there are two kinds of vessels listed here that can become impure earthenware and sodium carbonate. These two types of vessels have rules that differ from metal, glass and wooden vessels. As we have learned, the former can become impure from their air-space, but are not made impure by contact with their outside. Thus any vessel that cannot be defiled by contact with its outside, protects against impurity if it has a tightly fitting lid.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ועצמות הדג – if he made a vessel/utensil from the bones of creatures that are in the sea, they save/protect. Since they are not susceptible to receive defilement, as it is taught in the Mishnah of [Tractate Kelim] Chapter 17 [Mishnah 13]: “Everything that is in the sea is pure”/כל שבים טהור. And vessels [made] from the bones of fowl are pure, as it is written (Numbers 31:20): “[You shall also purify every cloth, every article of skin,] everything made of goats’ hair/וכל מעשה עזים, [and every object of wood],” excluding fowl.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
They protect whether the covers close their mouths or their sides, whether they stand on their bottoms or lean on their sides. It doesn't matter where the lid is or how the vessel is standing. In all cases it protects its contents.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
כלי עץ הטהורים – as for example large vessels that come in a measure that contains forty Seah in liquid measure which is equal to two KOR in dry measure (see Tractate Kelim, Chapter 15, Mishnah 1), that are not susceptible to receive defilement, for we require something similar to a sackcloth that can be carried full and/or empty, and since they are so large, they are not carried full, and they protect/save with an airtight lid.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
If they were turned over with their mouths downwards they afford protection to all that is beneath them to the nethermost deep. Rabbi Eliezer declares this unclean. If the vessel is turned over and it was connected to the ground by some plaster, then it protects anything below it from becoming unclean. In other words, the ground is the lid. Rabbi Eliezer disagrees and holds that the ground cannot be considered a lid.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
מפיהן – that the airtight lid is in their mouth/at their opening.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
These protect everything, except that an earthen vessel protects only foods, liquids and earthen vessels. Most of these vessels protect anything that is found in them, including metal vessels. However, earthenware vessels only protect other things that cannot be made pure in a mikveh (bath) food, liquid and other earthenware vessels. If there are metal vessels inside the earthenware vessels, they become unclean in the tent with a corpse.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
מצדיהן – if they were perforated at their sides and were surrounded with an airtight lid.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ר' אליעזר מטמא – for he holds that something that is turned upside down does not save/protect, and even it was smoothed into an even pile below the ground, as it states (Numbers 19:15): “[with no] lid fastened down,” and with no airtight lid on top of it. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yossi.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
על הכל מצילין – all of these utensils that are taught in our Mishnah, they save/protect on everything that is within them, whether there were in them vessels only requiring rinsing in order to be restored to Levitical cleanness or whether earthenware vessels or whether clothes or whether foods or liquids.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
חוץ מכלי חרס – that they don’t protect/save other than on foods and liquids and earthenware vessels that are within them, things that have no purification in a Mikveh/ritual bath, and not on metal utensils and clothing, which have purification in a Mikveh. And the reason I explained in the chapter above (see Tractate Kelim, Chapter 9, Mishnah 2). But this Mishnah is after the School of Hillel retracted to teach according to the words of the School of Shammai.
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