Trzeba błogosławić L-rd za chorych, tak jak robi to za dobrych. [Kiedy błogosławi „dayan ha'emeth” dla chorych, musi to czynić z radością i dobrem serca, tak jak robi to, gdy błogosławi „hatov Vehametiv” dla dobra], a mianowicie (Powtórzonego Prawa 6: 5: „I będziesz kochać L-r, swojego B-ga całym swoim sercem, całą swoją duszą i całą swoją mocą” „z całego serca”— z obiema twoimi skłonnościami, dobrem i złem. "" i całą twoją duszą " —nawet jeśli zabierze twoją duszę. „i ze wszystkich sił”—całym swoim bogactwem. Inna interpretacja: „z całej siły [meodecha]”—Za każdą miarę (middah), którą ci wymierzył (zmodyfikował) [czy to na dobre, czy na złe] bardzo Mu dziękuj (modeh lo) (me'od me'od). Nie można deportować się z lekką głową naprzeciw wschodniej bramy (Świątyni) [poza Wzgórze Świątynne, w dolną ścianę u podnóża Świątyni na wschodzie], ponieważ jest ona wyrównana z miejscem świętym. [Wszystkie bramy były wyrównane względem siebie: brama wschodnia, brama ezrath nashim, brama ezrath Yisrael, wejście do Ullam, sanktuarium i miejsce najświętszych—za dni pierwszej Świątyni. Nie wolno wchodzić na Wzgórze Świątynne ze swoją laską, butem, pundą [wydrążonym pasem, w którym trzymane są pieniądze. Inna interpretacja: ubranie noszone na ciele, aby wchłaniało pot, aby nie brudził innych części garderoby. To poniżające, gdy ktoś wychodzi sam w tej szacie] iz prochem na nogach. I nie powinien sprawiać, że kapandaria [wchodzić tym wejściem i wychodzić przeciwległym, skracając w ten sposób odległość. „kapandaria” - „ademakifna dari, a'ol beha” tj. „Zamiast okrążać rzędy domów, (skrócę swój spacer i) wejdę tutaj”]. I plucie [jest zabronione na Wzgórzu Świątynnym] a fortioti [ z butów, a mianowicie: Jeśli noszenie butów, co nie jest aktem poniżającym, jest tam zabronione, o ileż bardziej plucie, które jest aktem poniżającym!] Wszyscy (przywódcy modlitewni) w Świątyni zamknęliby błogosławieństwa z " ze świata ”[Prowadzący modlitwę mówi na końcu każdego błogosławieństwa:„ Błogosławiony jest L-bg Izraela od świata do świata, Obdarzający wiedzy ”; i tak ze wszystkimi. A odpowiadający mówią: „Błogosławione imię chwały Jego królestwa na wieki wieków”. Ponieważ „Amen” nie jest odpowiedzią po każdym błogosławieństwie w Świątyni, jest napisane (Nekhemiasz 9: 5): „Powstań i pobłogosław L-d, twego B-ga ze świata aż do świata”, a potem (tamże): „I będą błogosławić imię Twojej chwały”. To znaczy, że odpowiadają: „Błogosławione imię chwały Jego królestwa na wieki wieków”. A tutaj dowiedzieliśmy się, że w pierwszej Świątyni powiedzieli tylko: „Błogosławiony Bg Izraela ze świata” i nic więcej. Nie powiedzieli: „aż do świata”.] Kiedy heretycy [którzy nie wierzą w zmartwychwstanie] zniekształcili to, [mówiąc: Nie ma świata oprócz tego], ustanowili [Ezdrasza i jego bet-din] że mówią: „od świata aż do świata” [tj. są dwa światy, ten świat i świat przyszły.] I ustanowili, że jeden pozdrawia swego bliźniego w imieniu [L-rd, to nie istnienie uważane za oczernianie honoru L-ego dla honoru ludzi, „przyjmowanie” imienia L-ego ze względu na nich]. Jest bowiem napisane (Rut 2: 4): „A oto Boaz przyszedł z Betlejem i rzekł do żniwiarzy:„ Niech będzie z wami ”, a oni powiedzieli mu:„ L-rd błogosławię cię '”i (Sędziów 6:12):„ I rzekł (anioł) do niego (Gedeon):' Niech będzie z tobą, mężu mężu! '”i (Przysłów 23:22) : „Nie lekceważ ki zakna imecha” i (Psalm 119: 126): „Czas działać w imieniu L-rd; unieważnili twoją Torę”, co R. Nathan wyjaśnił: „Unieważnili twoją Torę w czas działania dla L-r. ” [Jeśli twierdzi się, że Booz skorzystał z tego błogosławieństwa z własnej woli i że nie może to być traktowane jako precedens, jest to negowane przez anioła mówiącego do Gedeona: „Niech będzie z tobą, mężu”. A jeśli się twierdzi, że anioł nie mówi tego przez pozdrowienie, ale powiadamia go przez ambasadę L-rd, że Szechina jest z nim, więc to również nie może służyć jako precedens—przeciwdziała się temu: „Nie pogardzaj ki zakna imecha”, to znaczy: Nie lekceważ Boaza, mówiąc, że działał z własnej woli; ale nauczcie się miziknei umathecha („starsi waszego ludu”). Ma władzę, na którą może odpowiedzieć, a mianowicie: „Nadszedł czas, aby działać za L-r.; Oni unieważnili twoją Torę”, którą R. Natan zinterpretował, itd., Tj .: Czasami słowa Tory są unieważniane, aby działać dla L-rd.—jak w przypadku powitania drugiego (w imieniu L-rd). Taka jest rzeczywiście wola L-rd, a mianowicie. (Psalm 34,15): „Szukaj pokoju i dąż do niego”. Dozwolone jest „unieważnienie” Tory i zrobienie czegoś, co wydaje się zabronione.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
חייב אדם לברך על הרעה – When one makes the blessing “The True and Righteous Judge,” on the bad things [that occur], one is obligated to recite the blessing in joy and with a full-heart, just as one recites with joy the blessing, “Who is Good and Does Good” on the good things [that happen].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Berakhot
Introduction
The first half of the last mishnah of Berakhot contains halakhot concerning three different subjects. 1) Blessing God for bad things; 2) Proper respect due to the Temple; 3) Decrees the rabbis made concerning blessings said in the Temple and greeting others.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
דבר אחר: "בכל מאדך" – with all of the measures that are measured out to you, whether for good or for retribution.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Berakhot
One must bless [God] for the evil in the same way as one blesses for the good, as it says, “And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might” (Deuteronomy 6:5). “With all your heart,” with your two impulses, the evil impulse as well as the good impulse. “With all your soul” even though he takes your soul [life] away from you. “With all your might” with all your money. Another explanation, “With all your might” whatever treatment he metes out to you. This section teaches that just as one blesses over the good, so too one must bless over the evil, as we saw in mishnah two above. The mishnah continues with a midrash, an exegesis of the first part of the Shema. The last section of this midrash explains how the rabbis derive the commandment to bless over the evil, just as one blesses over the good. It is because of this line that the entire midrash is brought here in our mishnah. The first line of the midrash is based on the two “bets” in the word “your heart (levav’kha)” The two bets are understood by the rabbis as a hint that one must worship God with both of one’s impulses the good impulse and the evil impulse. The other sections of the midrash should be clear.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
לא יקל אדם ראשו – He should not act with irreverence.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Berakhot
One should not show disrespect to the Eastern Gate, because it is in a direct line with the Holy of Holies. One should not enter the Temple Mount with a staff, or with shoes on, or with a wallet, or with dusty feet; nor should one make it a short cut, all the more spitting [is forbidden]. This section teaches various laws concerning acting in a proper manner on the Temple Mount. We should note that according to the Rambam, even though the Bet Hamikdash, the Temple, lies in ruins, one must still act towards it with the same amount of respect that it was accorded when it existed. The Eastern Gate would open in the direction of the Holy of Holies, hence one had to be extra respectful when entering this gate.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
כנגד שער מזרח – Outside of the Temple Mount where the low wall which is at foot of the Temple to the east, since it is designed that all of the gates correspond one opposite the other – the Eastern Gate, the Gate of the Women’s Court, the Gate of the Israelite Court and the Opening of the [Great[ Hall, and the [Holy] Hall and the House of the Holy of Holies in the First Temple.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Berakhot
All the conclusions of blessings that were in the Temple they would say, “forever [lit. as long as the world is].” When the sectarians perverted their ways and said that there was only one world, they decreed that they should say, “for ever and ever [lit. from the end of the world to the end of the world]. One of the central debates between the Sadducees and the Pharisees was over the concept of the next world, the “olam haba.” This was an important doctrine for the Pharisees, one that the Sadducees denied. In earlier times blessings in the Temple would contain the word, “leolam,” usually translated as “forever” but here understood as “for as long as the world has existed.” The Sadducees used this blessing as evidence that there is only one world. The blessing makes reference to one world and hence there is only one world. Therefore the Pharisees decreed that the blessing should read, “forever and ever (min haolom vead haolam)” which could also be translated as “for this world and for the next world.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
ובאפונדתו – A hollow region where they put money. Another explanation: Clothing that is worn on his skin to receive the sweat so that it would not soil the rest of one’s clothing, for it is shameful for a person to leave [his home] with only that [piece of] clothing.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Berakhot
They also decreed that a person should greet his fellow in God’s name, as it says, “And behold Boaz came from Bethlehem and said to the reapers, ‘May the Lord be with you.’ And they answered him, “May the Lord bless you’” (Ruth 2:. And it also says, “The Lord is with your, you valiant warrior” (Judges 6:12). And it also says, “And do not despise your mother when she grows old” (Proverbs 23:22). And it also says, “It is time to act on behalf of the Lord, for they have violated Your teaching” (Psalms 119:126). Rabbi Natan says: [this means] “They have violated your teaching It is time to act on behalf of the Lord.” The sages also decreed that it was permitted, and even worthy, to greet one’s fellow human being by using the name of God, as did Boaz and the other reapers. Usually decrees are meant to change a prior practice. Here the historical background is slightly unclear. My guess is that earlier generations thought that it was improper to use God’s name in greeting a mere human being. In contrast, according to the sages, since human beings were created in the image of God, there is a little bit of divine in every human being. In a sense then, greeting one’s fellow human being by using God’s name is like greeting God by using God’s name. Hence it is not only permitted, it is encouraged. The final two midrashim are not specifically related to the two decrees mentioned above but are rather general exhortations to heed the decrees of the sages. “And do not despise your mother when she grows old” means that one should learn from the elders and one should learn from what previous generations did. The last midrash is brought because of Rabbi Natan’s interpretation of the verse. Rabbi Natan switches around the order of the verse. When others, such as the Sadducees, have broken God’s laws, it is time to act for the Lord by making decrees. Congratulations! We have finished Berakhot! It is a tradition at this point to thank God for helping us finish learning the tractate and to commit ourselves to going back and relearning it, so that we may not forget it and so that its lessons will stay with us for all of our lives. Berakhot is perhaps the most religious relevant of all the tractates because its three major topics, the Shema, the Amidah and blessings, are all still practiced today. I hope that learning the roots of these rituals and prayers will enrich your own personal prayer experience, be it at the home or in the synagogue. We have only just begun Seder Zeraim. Tomorrow we begin Tractate Peah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
קפנדריא – to enter through one opening and to exit from the opposite opening in order to shorten his walk in that path. And the word KAPANDARIA [means] (using a phonetic etymology [in Aramaic] using the letters KUF, FEY, NUN and DALET and RESH, that is to say, that instead of going around rows of houses, I will shorten the distance of my walk and enter via this path.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
ורקיקה – Which is prohibited on the Temple Mount.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
מקל וחומר – From the shoe. Just as a shoe is not a form of disrespect, [yet] which is forbidden [to be worn on the Temple Mount], spitting which is an act of contempt, all the more so (see Tosefta Berakhot 6:19).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
כל חותמי ברכות שהיו במקדש – He who makes a blessing says at the conclusion of each blessing (Berakhot 54a), “Praised is the LORD the God of Israel from everlasting to everlasting, Who Bestows Knowledge.” And thereafter, everyone responds, saying: “Praised be the Name of His glorious Kingdom forever and ever,” for we do not answer “Amen” after every blessing [that is recited] in the Temple, as it is written (Nehemiah 9:5), “Rise, bless the LORD your God who is from eternity to eternity;” And we say after that: “May Your glorious name be blessed, [exalted though it is above every blessing and praise]!” That is to say, that they would respond, “Praised be the Name of God’s glorious kingdom forever and ever.” And we learn here that in the First Temple [period], they would only say, “Praised is the God of Israel for eternity” and nothing more, and not “from eternity to eternity.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
משקלקלו המינים – Since they [the Sectarians] did not believe in the Resurrection of the Dead and said that that there is no world other than this one, Ezra and his court established that we should say, “from eternity to eternity,” to state that there are two worlds – this world and the next world, to remove from the hearts of the Sectarians who denied belief in the Resurrection of the Dead.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
שיהא אדם שואל בשלום חבירו בשם – With the Name of the Holy One, blessed be He, and we do not say that he should treat His (God’s) honor with disrespect in order to honor human beings, to bring forth the name of Heaven upon him, as we learned from Boaz (Ruth 2:4), “He greeted the reaper, ‘The LORD be with you! [And they responded, ‘The LORD bless you!]” And when Boaz said it, he did so willingly, and we do not derive [anything from] it: Come and hear from the angel who said to Gideon (Judges 6:12), “The LORD is with you, valiant warrior.” And if you say, but the angel did not ask the welfare of Gideon nor blessed him, but only through serving as God’s messenger, informing him that God’s presence is with him, and we don’t derive anything from it. Come and hear: Do not despise that you mother is old, and do not despise Boaz to say that he did so (i.e., greet the reapers] of his own accord, but that he was taught from the elders of your people, for there is upon what he can rely, as it states (Psalms 119:126), “It is a time to act for the LORD, for they have violated Your teaching.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot
רבי נתן אומר: הפרו תורתך – Sometimes, we set aside the Torah in order to perform act for [the sake of] God, even the individual who intends to ask of the welfare of his neighbor, this is the will of the God, as it states (Psalms 34:15), “Seek amity and pursue it.” It is [thus] permissible to invalidate the Torah and to do something that appears forbidden.
