Jeśli jom tov wypadło w przeddzień szabatu, nie powinno się gotować od jom tov do szabatu, ale on gotuje na jom tov, a jeśli coś zostaje, zostaje na szabat. [To znaczy, początek i główny cel jego gotowania nie powinien być przeznaczony na szabat, ale na jom tov, a to, co zostało, powinno być na szabat.] I przygotowuje potrawę od jomego wieczora [jako „eruv tavshilin” („mieszanie gotowania”) i polega na tym podczas szabatu. [Niektórzy podają powód dla tego dania z jom na dzień jako kavod Shabbath (uhonorowanie szabatu), tj. Wspominając szabat w dzień jutrzejszy, wybiera się „wybraną porcję” na szabat i nie zapomina szabatu w okresie przedjomowym aktywność tov. Inni podają powód jako kavod yom tov (uhonorowanie jom tov). Widząc, że nie ma pieczenia od jom do wieczora w Szabat, chyba że rozpoczęto je w dzień od r. Do wig. (W którym to przypadku jest po prostu zakończone w dzień r. Do wieczora), zrozumiemy, że a fortiori nie ma pieczenia ani gotowania całkowicie od jom. tov do dnia tygodnia. (Błogosławieństwo dla eruv tavshilin jest takie samo jak dla eruv chatzerorth („mieszanie domen”). I musi on udzielić (praw do jego eruu) wszystkim, którzy chcą odtąd polegać na jego eruwie, nawet bez ich wiedzy; na korzyść mogą być przyznane innym nawet podczas ich nieobecności.] Beth Shammai mówi: (przygotowuje) dwa dania; a Beth Hillel mówi: jeden. I zgadzają się, że ryba i jajko (umieszczone) na nim są uważane za dwa dania . Jeśli to [danie, które przygotował od r. Do wieczora] zostało zjedzone lub zgubione, nie może na nim gotować (polegając na nim). A jeśli cokolwiek z niego zostało, może na nim polegać [aby gotować jom tov] na Szabat. [Ale ab initio, eruv tavshilin nie otrzymuje mniej niż oliwka, czy to za jednego, czy za sto. A jeśli zaczął swoje ciasto i jego eruv był stracony, kończy to, co zaczął.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Beitzah
יום טוב שחל להיות ערב שבת לא יבשל בתחילה – that is to say that the beginning of his cooking and its essence should not be for the Sabbath, but rather for the sake of Yom Tov/the Festival Day should be the beginning of his cooking and what remains should be for the Sabbath.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
Introduction
This mishnah deals with preparing food on Yom Tov to use on Shabbat which falls the day after. While cooking on Yom Tov is permitted, it is only permitted to cook on Yom Tov for that day.
This mishnah discusses what is called “eruv tavshilin.” This is a type of “eruv” whereby one begins to cook a meal for Shabbat on the day before Yom Tov which falls before Shabbat. Beginning to cook this meal allows him to cook on Yom Tov for Shabbat. This halakhah is still observed to this day, and if you look in siddurim you will even find a blessing which one recites before setting aside the food.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Beitzah
ועושה תבשיל מערב יום טוב – for the sake of the “joining of cooked foods”/Eruv Tavshilin (preparing meals for the Sabbath on a Holy Day occurring on a Friday: a person prepares a dish on Thursday and lets it lie over until the end of the Sabbath which he does on the Holy Day – Friday – is merely a continuation of the preparation begun on Thursday). There are those who say that the reason that this dish from the eve of the Festival day/Yom Tov, is because of the honor of the Sabbath, for since from the eve of the Festival day he remembers the Sabbath, he will choose a nice portion for the Sabath, and not forget the Sabbath because of the preoccupation with the Festival Day. And there are those wohose say that is because of the honor of the Festival day, in order that they should see that they don’t bake from the Festival day for the Sabbath other than if he had begun while it was still daylight, for on the Festival day, he does nothing other than complete it, a fortiori (i.e., all the more so), from the Festival day to a weekday entirely, we do not back nor cook. And we make the blessing on Eruv Tavshilin/”joining of cooked foods” in the manner that we make the blessing on the Eruv in reference to the “joining of courtyards”/Eruv Hatzerot. But it is necessary to make assignment through another for all who wish afterwards to rely upon his Eruv/”joining,” and even without his knowledge, for one acts in a person’s interest in his absence.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
Yom Tov which fell on the eve of Shabbat, one should not begin to cook on Yom Tov for Shabbat. Although one is allowed to cook on Yom Tov, one may not cook food on Yom Tov that will be eaten on the next day, even if the next day is Shabbat. We should note that this would have presented a bigger practical problem in the ancient world than it does today. They did not have preservatives or refrigeration (or those fantastic lock-top plastic containers) and hence it would not have been simple to prepare food for Shabbat on Thursday. Therefore, the remainder of the mishnah seems to present some ways of avoiding this problem.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Beitzah
אכלו או שאבד – that same dish that he cooked, from the eve of the Sabbath.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
But he may cook for Yom Tov, and if any is left over it is left over for Shabbat. If he cooks on Yom Tov with the intention of eating some of the food on that very day, he may eat on Shabbat whatever food was left over. It would even seem possible to make a large meal on Yom Tov knowing that there would be leftovers and to eat those leftovers on Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Beitzah
סומך עליו – to cook his dish on the Festival day for the needs of the Sabbath, But, from the outset, his “joining of dishes”/Eruv Tavshilin is not less than an olive’s bulk, whether for one [person] or for one hundred [people]. But if he began with his dough and his Eruv became lost, he completes it with what he has begun with.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
And he may prepare a dish on the eve of Yom Tov and rely upon it [to prepare food] for Shabbat. This is the section that deals with “eruv tavshilin.” A person may begin to make a meal on the day before Yom Tov and then on Yom Tov “continue” to cook the meal. In this way he will not be starting to cook a meal on Yom Tov for Shabbat but rather just continuing a meal that he already began to cook the day before.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
Bet Shammai says: two dishes. But Bet Hillel says: one dish. Yet they [both] agree that a fish and an egg upon it are [considered as] two dishes. The two houses debate how many different food items he needs to begin to prepare on the day before Yom Tov in order for it to count as an “eruv tavshilin.” According to Bet Shammai a meal consists of at least two dishes therefore he must begin to cook two dishes for it to count. Bet Hillel thinks that a meal need consist of only one dish and hence one dish is sufficient for eruv tavshilin. Bet Shammai however is lenient in what counts as two dishes even a fish with an egg on top of it counts as two dishes.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
[If] he ate it or it was lost, he may not begin to cook [relying] on it. But if he left over any [small] portion of it, he may rely on it [to cook] for Shabbat. If the eruv tavshilin is eaten or lost before he begins to cook for Shabbat, then he may not rely on it to begin cooking a meal for Shabbat. However, if even a little bit of the eruv still remains before he begins cooking he may rely on it to cook for Shabbat.
